Here's the latest version of the MPI Real-time and Embedded Extensions.
The majority of the changes consist of editorial corrections. In addition, the
MIP/RT software abstraction model diagram has been changed to reflect
discussions at the last meeting. MPI_WTIME_DRIFT is now a DOUBLE.
MPI_START_AT() has become MPI_START_TIME(). Finally, the requestout object of
the MPI_START_TIME() call has been changed to a function pointer for handling of
failures.
Please note that we need to fill out the priority-driven and event-driven
paradigms!
We will be releasing another version of the chapter by the July 5th deadline for
inclusion in next meeting's chapter. Please send any feedback as soon as
possible for inclusion in Friday's chapter.
Thanks,
Robert
-- Robert George Engineering Research Center (601) 325-4585 P.O. Box 6176 http://www.erc.msstate.edu/~robert Mississippi State, MS 39762 "Skill and confidence are an unconquered army." - George Herbert--2941_daa-7811_433-74dd_2cb6 Content-Type: application/postscript Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-MD5: Hp5bTOn88QdrvE+sGBBVSA== Content-Description: mpi-rt.ps X-Sun-Data-Type: postscript-file
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b(measured)h(in)e(seconds,)j (with)150 2152 y(exception)31 b(of)f(the)h(drift,)e(whic)m(h)g(is)g (dimensionless.)150 2360 y Fi(Resolution)36 b(\(Tic)m(k\))45 b Fp(Resolution)21 b(represen)m(ts)h(the)g(time)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(t) m(w)m(o)i(successiv)m(e)e(clo)s(c)m(k)g(tic)m(ks.)38 b(The)377 2473 y(resolution)29 b(of)i(the)f(v)-5 b(arious)30 b(sync)m(hronized)f(clo)s(c)m(ks)i(in)e(a)h(heterogeneous)i(system)e (ma)m(y)h(di\013er.)577 2683 y Fj(A)-5 b(dvic)g(e)24 b(to)f(implementors.)77 b Fp(W)-8 b(e)21 b(ha)m(v)m(e)h(prop)s(osed)d (a)h(subtle)f(mo)s(di\014cation)g(to)i(MPI)p 3437 2683 V 33 w(WTICK,)577 2796 y(so)35 b(that)h(the)f(call)f(will)e(return)h (the)i(resolution)f(of)h(the)g(sync)m(hronized)e(clo)s(c)m(k)i(of)g (the)g(pro-)577 2909 y(cessing)42 b(no)s(de)f(asso)s(ciated)i(with)d (the)i(calling)f(pro)s(cess.)75 b(In)41 b(order)g(to)i(supp)s(ort)d (tigh)m(tly)577 3022 y(sync)m(hronized)c(system)g(clo)s(c)m(ks,)j(w)m (e)e(exp)s(ect)g(clo)s(c)m(k)g(resolution)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(at)i(most)f (one)f(mil-)577 3135 y(lisecond.)k(\()p Fj(End)33 b(of)g(advic)-5 b(e)33 b(to)g(implementors.)p Fp(\))150 3345 y Fi(Drift)45 b Fp(Drift)30 b(indicates,)g(for)g(eac)m(h)i(sync)m(hronized)d(clo)s(c) m(k,)j(a)f(guaran)m(teed)g(upp)s(er)e(b)s(ound)f(on)j(the)f(error)377 3458 y(in)35 b(the)i(rate)g(of)f(the)h(clo)s(c)m(k.)59 b(That)36 b(is,)h(if)e(the)i(drift)e(is)g Fe(\016)s Fp(,)k(then)d(the)g (clo)s(c)m(k)h(rate)g(\(measured)f(in)377 3571 y(seconds)i(p)s(er)f (actually)h(elapsed)f(second\))i(is)e(guaran)m(teed)i(to)g(b)s(e)e(b)s (et)m(w)m(een)i(1)26 b Fk(\000)f Fe(\016)42 b Fp(and)37 b(1)26 b(+)f Fe(\016)s Fp(.)377 3683 y(Drift)30 b(is)f(dimensionless.) 377 3833 y(Drift)40 b(can)g(b)s(e)g(e\013ectiv)m(ely)h(used)e(to)i(b)s (ound)d(the)i(accuracy)h(of)g(measuremen)m(t)f(of)h(small)d(time)377 3946 y(in)m(terv)-5 b(als,)27 b(when)f(they)h(are)g(measured)g(b)m(y)f (the)h(di\013erence)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(readings)c(of)i (the)h(same)377 4059 y(sync)m(hronized)h(clo)s(c)m(k.)150 4245 y Fi(Sk)m(ew)45 b Fp(Sk)m(ew)31 b(is)e(a)i(maxim)m(um)e(b)s(ound)g (on)h(the)h(absolute)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(the)h(di\013erence)f(b)s (et)m(w)m(een)h(sim)m(ulta-)377 4358 y(neous)f(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(of)h(the)g(sync)m(hronized)f(clo)s(c)m(ks.)41 b(Note)31 b(that)g(this)e(refers)g(to)i(ideal)e(v)-5 b(alues,)30 b(not)g(the)377 4471 y(result)g(of)g(an)m(y)h(real)f(reading)f(op)s (erations.)150 4657 y Fi(Accuracy)47 b Fp(Accuracy)31 b(is)e(a)h(maxim)m(um)f(b)s(ound)e(on)j(the)g(absolute)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)h(the)g(di\013erence)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)377 4770 y(sim)m(ultaneous)j(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(of)i(the)f(sync)m(hronized)f (clo)s(c)m(k)i(and)e(an)h(ideal)f(clo)s(c)m(k)i(started)f(at)h(the)f (syn-)377 4882 y(c)m(hronized)d(clo)s(c)m(k)h(h)m(yp)s(othetical)f (starting)g(time)g(\(some)h(critical)e(instan)m(t)h(in)f(time\).)377 5032 y(If)e(sync)m(hronized)f(clo)s(c)m(ks)h(are)h(p)s(erio)s(dically) 23 b(corrected)28 b(in)e(order)h(to)g(deal)g(with)f(drifts)f(and)i (other)377 5145 y(inaccuracies,)45 b(the)e(calculation)f(of)h(the)f(in) m(terv)-5 b(al)42 b(accuracy)i(based)e(up)s(on)f(drift)g(will)e(b)s(e)j (to)s(o)377 5258 y(p)s(essimistic)28 b(for)i(large)g(in)m(terv)-5 b(als.)377 5407 y(This)29 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(can)g(also)h(b)s(e)e(used) h(for)g(cross-platform)g(sync)m(hronization.)3934 92 y Fg(1)3934 205 y(2)3934 318 y(3)3934 431 y(4)3934 544 y(5)3934 657 y(6)3934 770 y(7)3934 882 y(8)3934 995 y(9)3919 1108 y(10)3919 1221 y(11)3919 1334 y(12)3919 1447 y(13)3919 1560 y(14)3919 1673 y(15)3919 1786 y(16)3919 1899 y(17)3919 2012 y(18)3919 2124 y(19)3919 2237 y(20)3919 2350 y(21)3919 2463 y(22)3919 2576 y(23)3919 2689 y(24)3919 2802 y(25)3919 2915 y(26)3919 3028 y(27)3919 3141 y(28)3919 3254 y(29)3919 3366 y(30)3919 3479 y(31)3919 3592 y(32)3919 3705 y(33)3919 3818 y(34)3919 3931 y(35)3919 4044 y(36)3919 4157 y(37)3919 4270 y(38)3919 4383 y(39)3919 4496 y(40)3919 4609 y(41)3919 4721 y(42)3919 4834 y(43)3919 4947 y(44)3919 5060 y(45)3919 5173 y(46)3919 5286 y(47)3919 5399 y(48)p eop 5 6 bop 150 -200 a Fh(8.2.)72 b(REAL-TIME)30 b(MESSA)m(GE-P)-8 b(ASSING)31 b(REQUIREMENTS)1123 b Fp(5)150 99 y Fi(Access)36 b(Time)44 b Fp(Access)22 b(Time)d(is)g(a)i(maxim)m(um)e(b)s(ound)f(on)j (the)f(time)g(to)h(execute)h(a)e(call)g(of)g(MPI)p 3484 99 28 4 v 33 w(WTIME,)377 211 y(This,)34 b(of)g(course,)h(assumes)f (that)g(the)g(execution)h(of)f(the)g(call)f(is)g(not)h(in)m(terrupted)f (b)m(y)h(the)g(op-)377 324 y(erating)29 b(system.)41 b(This)27 b(undesirable)f(and)j(am)m(biguous)f(ca)m(v)m(eat)k(is)c (necessary)h(with)f(the)h(curren)m(t)377 437 y(op)s(erating)k(systems)g (\(esp)s(ecially)f(those)h(with)f(virtual)f(memory\))j(b)s(ecause)f(an) g(absolute)g(guar-)377 550 y(an)m(tee)f(w)m(ould)d(b)s(e)h(so)h(long)f (as)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(practically)f(un)m(usable.)377 700 y(Implemen)m(tations)h(that)h(are)g(based)f(on)h(accessing)g(the)g (same)g(global)f(clo)s(c)m(k)h(instead)f(of)h(a)g(lo)s(cal)377 813 y(sync)m(hronized)c(one)h(will)d(ha)m(v)m(e)k(the)f(same)g (resolution)f(for)g(all)g(no)s(des,)h(with)e(zero)j(sk)m(ew,)g(no)e (drift,)377 926 y(and)36 b(iden)m(tical)e(accuracy)k(\(sub)5 b(ject)36 b(to)g(the)h(propagation)f(dela)m(y)f(of)i(the)f(clo)s(c)m(k) g(signal\))f(for)h(all)377 1039 y(pro)s(cessing)31 b(no)s(des.)44 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)34 b(the)e(access)h(times)e(could)g(still)e(v)-5 b(ary)32 b(at)g(eac)m(h)h(pro)s(cessing)e(no)s(de)377 1152 y(and)f(across)h(all)e(the)i(pro)s(cessing)e(no)s(des.)40 b(A)30 b(b)s(ound)f(on)h(this)f(v)-5 b(ariabilit)m(y)28 b(is)i(needed.)150 1395 y Ff(8.2.4)97 b(MPI/RT)31 b(Clo)s(ck)i(A)m (ttributes)150 1567 y Fp(In)i(order)g(for)g Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)36 b(to)g(allo)m(w)f(p)s(ortable)f(applications)g(across)i (a)g(wide)e(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)36 b(of)f(parallel)f(real-)150 1680 y(time)j(systems,)i(it)e(is)f(necessary)i(to)g(encapsulate)f(the)g (clo)s(c)m(k)h(sync)m(hronization)e(parameters)i(of)f(sec-)150 1793 y(tion)j(8.2.3)j(in)c(a)j(system)f(indep)s(enden)m(t)d(w)m(a)m(y) -8 b(.)74 b Fl(MPI)40 b Fp(pro)m(vides)g(a)h(cac)m(hing)h(facilit)m(y)d (that)j(allo)m(ws)e(an)150 1906 y(application)i(to)j(attac)m(h)h (arbitrary)d(pieces)h(of)g(information,)j(called)c Fi(attributes)p Fp(,)k(to)e(b)s(oth)e(in)m(tra-)150 2019 y(and)h(in)m(tercomm)m (unicators.)84 b(This)43 b(information)g(is)h(retriev)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f (referencing)h(a)g Fj(key)p Fp(.)83 b(A)45 b(set)h(of)150 2132 y(attributes)j(that)h(describ)s(e)e(the)i(execution)f(en)m (vironmen)m(t)g(are)h(attac)m(hed)i(to)e(the)g(comm)m(unicator)150 2245 y(MPI)p 333 2245 V 33 w(COMM)p 669 2245 V 33 w(W)m(ORLD)39 b(when)f Fl(MPI)g Fp(is)g(initialized.)63 b(The)38 b(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)h(these)g(attributes)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(in-)150 2357 y(quired)f(b)m(y)h(using)f(the)h(function)f(MPI)p 1530 2357 V 33 w(A)-8 b(TTR)p 1822 2357 V 32 w(GET.)39 b(A)m(t)g(initialization)c(time,)41 b Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)38 b(adds)g(the)150 2470 y(follo)m(wing)29 b(k)m(eys)i(to)g(MPI)p 1028 2470 V 33 w(COMM)p 1364 2470 V 32 w(W)m(ORLD:)286 2683 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(MPI)p 560 2683 V 33 w(WTIME)p 930 2683 V 33 w(DRIFT)30 b(\(DOUBLE\))286 2871 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(MPI)p 560 2871 V 33 w(WTIME)p 930 2871 V 33 w(SKEW)30 b(\(DOUBLE\))286 3058 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(MPI)p 560 3058 V 33 w(WTIME)p 930 3058 V 33 w(A)m(CCURA)m(CY)31 b(\(DOUBLE\))286 3246 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(MPI)p 560 3246 V 33 w(WTIME)p 930 3246 V 33 w(A)m(CCESS)p 1324 3246 V 31 w(TIME)30 b(\(DOUBLE\))332 3458 y(The)22 b(v)-5 b(alues)23 b(of)g(the)g(listed)f (parameters)h(do)g(not)g(dep)s(end)f(on)h(what)g(applications)e(are)i (running)e(but)150 3571 y(rather)29 b(on)f(the)h(parallel)e(en)m (vironmen)m(t.)40 b(These)29 b(parameters)g(represen)m(t)f(constrain)m (ts)h(on)g(the)g(c)m(hanges)150 3684 y(to)e(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)27 b(example,)g(the)g(sk)m(ew)f(should)f(not)h(b)s(e)g (increased)g(when)f(new)h(pro)s(cesses)h(are)150 3797 y(added)j(while)e(an)i(application)f(is)g(running.)150 4041 y Ff(8.2.5)97 b(Comments)150 4212 y Fp(Q:)30 b(Can)g(clo)s(c)m(k)h (sync)m(hronization)e(b)s(e)h(message)h(based)g(using)d(the)j(net)m(w)m (ork)g(used)f(for)g(data)h(transfer?)150 4325 y(A:)g(Y)-8 b(es,)31 b(but)f(it)g(probably)e(will)g(not)j(ha)m(v)m(e)g(v)m(ery)g (go)s(o)s(d)f(p)s(erformance.)150 4438 y(Q:)g(Can)g(it)g(b)s(e)g (message)h(based?)150 4551 y(A:)26 b(It)g(probably)d(will)g(b)s(e)i (message)i(based,)f(but)f(will)e(use)i(a)h(separate)g(dedicated)g(net)m (w)m(ork.)39 b(This)24 b(is)h(the)150 4664 y(w)m(a)m(y)31 b(sev)m(eral)g(MPPs)f(already)g(do)h(it,)f(lik)m(e)f(the)i(Mercury)f (RA)m(CE)g(Systems)g(and)g(the)h(In)m(tel)f(P)m(aragon.)150 4777 y(Q:)f(Should)d(w)m(e)j(ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)f(maxim)m(um)f(allo)m(w)m (able)g(b)s(ound)f(on)h(the)h(sk)m(ew)g(and)f(if)g(y)m(es,)i(what)f (should)d(it)j(b)s(e?)150 4890 y(Q:)38 b(What)g(a\013ects)i(access)f (time)f(to)h(the)f(sync)m(hronized)e(clo)s(c)m(k?)64 b(Where)38 b(is)f(the)h(sync)m(hronized)f(time)150 5003 y(stored?)-64 92 y Fg(1)-64 205 y(2)-64 318 y(3)-64 431 y(4)-64 544 y(5)-64 657 y(6)-64 770 y(7)-64 882 y(8)-64 995 y(9)-80 1108 y(10)-80 1221 y(11)-80 1334 y(12)-80 1447 y(13)-80 1560 y(14)-80 1673 y(15)-80 1786 y(16)-80 1899 y(17)-80 2012 y(18)-80 2124 y(19)-80 2237 y(20)-80 2350 y(21)-80 2463 y(22)-80 2576 y(23)-80 2689 y(24)-80 2802 y(25)-80 2915 y(26)-80 3028 y(27)-80 3141 y(28)-80 3254 y(29)-80 3366 y(30)-80 3479 y(31)-80 3592 y(32)-80 3705 y(33)-80 3818 y(34)-80 3931 y(35)-80 4044 y(36)-80 4157 y(37)-80 4270 y(38)-80 4383 y(39)-80 4496 y(40)-80 4609 y(41)-80 4721 y(42)-80 4834 y(43)-80 4947 y(44)-80 5060 y(45)-80 5173 y(46)-80 5286 y(47)-80 5399 y(48)p eop 6 7 bop 150 -200 a Fp(6)960 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(REAL-TIME)30 b(AND)i(EMBEDDED)g(EXTENSIONS)150 99 y Fm(8.3)116 b(Instrumentation)150 301 y Fp(Instrumen)m(tation)36 b(is)f(an)h(essen)m(tial)h(asp)s(ect)f (to)i(pro)m(viding)c(the)j(to)s(ols)f(needed)g(to)h(pro)m(vide)f (program-)150 414 y(mers)c(with)f(qualit)m(y)h(of)g(service)g (assurances)h(and)e(for)h(tuning)f(on)i(sp)s(eci\014c)e(hardw)m(are)h (con\014gurations)150 527 y(\(ac)m(hieving)h(the)g(p)s(erformance)f (part)h(of)h(p)s(erformance)e(p)s(ortabilit)m(y)f(without)h(resorting)g (to)i(rewriting)150 640 y(applications)29 b(from)g(scratc)m(h\).)332 753 y(F)-8 b(or)44 b(all)e(v)m(ersions)g(of)i(real-time)f Fl(MPI)g Fp(more)g(instrumen)m(tation)f(is)g(needed)h(than)g(is)f (curren)m(tly)150 866 y(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31 b(in)f(existing)h(to)s (ols.)44 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)34 b(for)d(initial)e(implemen)m(tations)h (w)m(e)i(ha)m(v)m(e)h(c)m(hosen)f(a)g(minimal)150 979 y(approac)m(h)i(to)h(instrumen)m(tation.)49 b(W)-8 b(e)35 b(ha)m(v)m(e)g(added)e(a)h(few)g(ev)m(en)m(ts)h(\(states\))g(that)g (are)f(b)s(e)f(logged)h(for)150 1092 y(the)f(op)s(erations)g(presen)m (ted)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)49 b(An)33 b(initial)d(implemen)m(tation)i(can)h (c)m(ho)s(ose)h(either)f(to)h(add)e(them)150 1205 y(directly)23 b(to)i(the)g(list)e(of)i(logged)f(ev)m(en)m(ts)i(\(states\))h(or)d(pro) m(vide)f(an)i(external)f(in)m(terface)h(for)f(them.)39 b(Notice)150 1318 y(that)24 b(some)g(ev)m(en)m(ts,)j(suc)m(h)c(as)h (the)g(completion)f(of)g(sc)m(heduled)g(sends)f(and)h(receiv)m(es,)j (are)e(in)m(ternal)f(ev)m(en)m(ts)150 1431 y(of)31 b(the)f Fl(MPI)g Fp(implemen)m(tation.)332 1543 y(The)h(primary)f(goal)i(for)f (the)h(addition)e(of)i(real-time)f(instrumen)m(tation)g(is)f(to)j (enable)e(the)h(appli-)150 1656 y(cation)c(to)h(get)g(a)g(clear)f (picture)f(of)h(when)f(and)g(for)h(what)g(op)s(eration)f(di\013eren)m (t)h(systems)g(resources)g(are)150 1769 y(used.)39 b(Ideally)-8 b(,)26 b(w)m(e)g(w)m(ould)f(lik)m(e)h(to)g(record)g(the)h(information)d (for)i(eac)m(h)h(resource)g(individually)-8 b(.)34 b(Again,)150 1882 y(there)c(is)e(a)i(distinction)d(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)j(global)f(and)g (lo)s(cal)g(resources.)40 b(As)29 b(stated)i(b)s(efore,)e(implemen)m (tation)150 1995 y(of)g(the)f(instrumen)m(tation)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f (handicapp)s(ed)d(b)m(y)k(inadequacies)e(of)i(op)s(erating)e(systems,)i (comm)m(u-)150 2108 y(nication)34 b(proto)s(cols)h(and)f(so)h(on.)54 b(The)35 b Fl(MPI)f Fp(implemen)m(tation)g(ma)m(y)i(not)f(ev)m(en)g(b)s (e)g(a)m(w)m(are)h(of)f(all)f(the)150 2221 y(resources)28 b(b)s(eing)f(used)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(host)f(comm)m(unication)g(facilities) f(that)i(are)f(called)g(b)m(y)g Fl(MPI)p Fp(.)h(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)150 2334 y(it)e(should)f(b)s(e)h(clear)h(that)h(in)d(some)j(circumstances)e (where)g(timing)g(is)g(critical,)g(an)h(application)e(w)m(ould)150 2447 y(lik)m(e)37 b(to)i(kno)m(w)f(information)e(ab)s(out)i(times)f(of) i(resource)f(use)f(b)m(y)h(in)m(ternal)f Fl(MPI)h Fp(\(and)f(nativ)m (e\))i(com-)150 2560 y(m)m(unication)33 b(ev)m(en)m(ts)j(\(and)d (states\).)54 b(Curren)m(tly)-8 b(,)34 b(there)g(is)g(little)f (information)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)34 b(concerning)150 2673 y(in)m(ternal)29 b Fl(MPI)h Fp(ev)m(en)m(ts,)i(with)d(the)i (notable)f(exception)h(of)f(the)h(arriv)-5 b(al)29 b(of)h(a)h(message.) 332 2785 y(W)-8 b(e)27 b(defer)g(sp)s(eci\014cation)e(of)h(ho)m(w)h (the)g(data)g(is)e(recorded,)j(k)m(ept,)g(and)e(stored)g(un)m(til)f(w)m (e)i(ha)m(v)m(e)h(some)150 2898 y(exp)s(erience)34 b(with)f(implemen)m (tations.)52 b(But)34 b(it)g(should)f(b)s(e)h(clear)g(that)h(one)g(w)m (ould)e(lik)m(e)h(to)h(minimize)150 3011 y(the)c(impact)f(of)g (instrumen)m(tation)f(on)h(the)h(timing)e(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)i(an)f (application.)150 3210 y Fi(Ev)m(en)m(ts:)525 3323 y Fp(Starting)g(time)g(of)h(a)g(message)g(transfer)525 3436 y(Execution)f(time)g(of)h(a)g(message)g(transfer)525 3549 y(Completion)e(time)h(of)h(a)g(message)g(transfer)525 3662 y(Execution)f(time)g(of)h(timeout)f(handlers)525 3775 y(Starting)g(time)g(for)g(v)-5 b(arious)30 b(other)g(system)h (resources)525 3888 y(Execution)f(time)g(for)h(v)-5 b(arious)29 b(other)i(system)f(resources)525 4000 y(Completion)f(time)h(for)h(v)-5 b(arious)29 b(other)h(system)h(resources)150 4398 y Fm(8.4)116 b(Timing)36 b(Co)m(rrectness)150 4601 y Fp(Timing)28 b(correctness)j(has)f(these)h(prop)s(erties:)286 4799 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Program)28 b(can)f(pro)s(ceed,)h(in)e(a)i(meaningful) d(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(,)30 b(only)c(if)g(all)h(previous)e(steps)j(are)f (time-correct.)286 4983 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Most)26 b(basic)f Fl(MPI)g Fp(\(curren)m(t\))h(functions)d(should)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i (analogous)g(functions)d(for)i(real-time)g(that)377 5095 y(guaran)m(tee)32 b(message)g(passing)d(in)g(a)i(timely)e(fashion.)332 5294 y(F)-8 b(or)23 b(practicalit)m(y)-8 b(,)24 b(the)f(w)m(ork)f(of)h (this)e(c)m(hapter)i(should)e(b)s(e)g(to)j(minimize)19 b(the)k(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(new)f(func-)150 5407 y(tions)h(in)m(tro) s(duced)f(in)m(to)i Fl(MPI)g Fp(pro\014les)e(to)j(pro)m(vide)e(these)h (features.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)24 b(instance,)h(w)m(e)g(should)c(not)k(add) 3934 92 y Fg(1)3934 205 y(2)3934 318 y(3)3934 431 y(4)3934 544 y(5)3934 657 y(6)3934 770 y(7)3934 882 y(8)3934 995 y(9)3919 1108 y(10)3919 1221 y(11)3919 1334 y(12)3919 1447 y(13)3919 1560 y(14)3919 1673 y(15)3919 1786 y(16)3919 1899 y(17)3919 2012 y(18)3919 2124 y(19)3919 2237 y(20)3919 2350 y(21)3919 2463 y(22)3919 2576 y(23)3919 2689 y(24)3919 2802 y(25)3919 2915 y(26)3919 3028 y(27)3919 3141 y(28)3919 3254 y(29)3919 3366 y(30)3919 3479 y(31)3919 3592 y(32)3919 3705 y(33)3919 3818 y(34)3919 3931 y(35)3919 4044 y(36)3919 4157 y(37)3919 4270 y(38)3919 4383 y(39)3919 4496 y(40)3919 4609 y(41)3919 4721 y(42)3919 4834 y(43)3919 4947 y(44)3919 5060 y(45)3919 5173 y(46)3919 5286 y(47)3919 5399 y(48)p eop 7 8 bop 150 -200 a Fh(8.5.)72 b(VIR)-8 b(TUAL)31 b(CHANNELS)2385 b Fp(7)150 99 y(new)28 b(v)m(ersions)g(of)g(eac)m(h)i(send)e(and)f (receiv)m(e)j(mo)s(de,)e(increasing)f(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i (calls)e(m)m(ultiplicitiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)150 211 y(but)30 b(rather)g(seek)h(solutions)e(that)i(cause)g(additiv)m(e)e(additions)f (in)i(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(calls.)150 494 y Fm(8.5)116 b(Virtual)38 b(Channels)150 697 y Fp(The)c(idea)g(of)g(a)h(soft)m(w)m (are)h(virtual)c(c)m(hannel)i(\(V)m(C's\))i(is)d(not)i(new)e(in)g(a)i (parallel)e(mac)m(hine.)52 b(Thinking)150 810 y(Mac)m(hines)28 b(has)f(it)h(on)f(the)h(CM-5)g(via)g(CMMD)g(where)f(the)h(motiv)-5 b(ation)28 b(is)e(to)j(minimize)c(handshaking)150 923 y(o)m(v)m(erhead.)42 b(Our)29 b(motiv)-5 b(ations)30 b(for)g(ha)m(ving)g(V)m(C's)h(in)e Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)30 b(are)h(as)g(follo)m(ws:)286 1088 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Abilit)m(y)29 b(to)i(exploit)e(p)s(ersisten)m(t)h(comm)m (unication)286 1267 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Deadlo)s(c)m(k)31 b(a)m(v)m(oidance)286 1446 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Once)24 b(established,)g(V)m(C's)g(should)e(guaran)m(tee)j(prop)s(erties)d (critical)h(for)g(timing)g(correctness)h(lik)m(e:)480 1625 y Fi({)45 b Fp(Bounds)30 b(on)g(end-to-end)h(dela)m(y)480 1763 y Fi({)45 b Fp(Minim)m(um)28 b(bandwidth)480 1900 y Fi({)45 b Fp(Bu\013er)31 b(space)332 2079 y(A)m(t)45 b(the)g(Marc)m(h)g(meeting,)j(the)c(group)g(agreed)h(that)g(V)m(C's)f (w)m(ould)f(an)i(excellen)m(t)f(v)m(ehicle)g(for)150 2192 y(implemen)m(tation,)29 b(but)h(w)m(ere)h(not)f(strongly)g (committed)h(to)g(their)e(use)h(as)h(an)f(in)m(terface.)150 2474 y Fm(8.6)116 b(Deadlo)s(ck)38 b(Avoidance/Recovery)150 2677 y Fp(It)e(is)f(imp)s(ortan)m(t)g(to)h(b)s(e)g(able)f(to)i(prev)m (en)m(t,)h(a)m(v)m(oid)e(or)g(in)e(the)i(w)m(orst)h(case)f(detect)i (and)d(reco)m(v)m(er)i(from)150 2790 y(deadlo)s(c)m(ks.)50 b(The)34 b(problem)e(of)i(deadlo)s(c)m(ks)f(is)g(di\016cult)e(in)i (distributed)d(real-time)k(systems)g(and)f(it)g(is)150 2903 y(exacerbated)f(with)d(prioritization.)332 3016 y(Tw)m(o)h(p)s(ossible)e(side)i(issues)f(are)h(as)h(follo)m(ws:)286 3182 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Liv)m(elo)s(c)m(k)37 b(|)g(it)f(happ)s(ens)g (when)f(t)m(w)m(o)k(in)m(teracting)e(tasks)g(miss)f(deadlines)f(due)h (to)i(one)f(doing)377 3295 y(some)31 b(secondary)g(activit)m(y)f(when)g (the)g(other)h(tries)f(to)h(rendezv)m(ous.)286 3474 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Orphan)38 b(pro)s(cesses)i(|)g(in)f(the)h(presence)g (of)g(spa)m(wn)f(capabilit)m(y)g(\(a)i(pro)s(cess)e(creating)i(other) 377 3587 y(pro)s(cesses\))31 b(and)f(failures.)332 3753 y Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)40 b(will)e(utilize)g(timeouts)i(to)h(help)e (applications)f(deal)i(with)f(deadlo)s(c)m(k)h(in)e(the)j(face)g(of)150 3866 y(p)s(ossible)h(remote)j(faults)f(or)g(remote)i(resource)e (exhaustion.)83 b(Both)45 b(sender-)f(and)f(receiv)m(er-based)150 3979 y(timeouts)30 b(are)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(considered.)332 4092 y(Sp)s(eci\014cally)-8 b(,)35 b(w)m(e)h(exp)s(ect)h(non-blo)s(c)m (king,)f(p)s(ersisten)m(t)f(comm)m(unication)g(to)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)h (reco)m(v)m(er)150 4204 y(from)d(deadlo)s(c)m(k.)50 b(The)33 b(follo)m(wing)f(allo)m(ws)h(one)h(to)h(async)m(hronously)d(start)i(a)g (receiv)m(e,)i(and)d(then)g(w)m(ait)150 4317 y(immediately)c(for)h(its) g(completion,)f(with)h(a)g(de\014ned)f(timeout.)150 4504 y Fd(MPI_Status)45 b(status;)150 4617 y(MPI_Request)g(request;)150 4730 y(MPI_Receive_init\(buf,)d(count,)k(datatype,)f(src,)i(tag,)g (comm,)f(&request\);)150 4843 y(...)150 4956 y(for\(;;\))150 5068 y({)293 5181 y(MPI_Start\(request\);)293 5294 y (MPI_Wait_timeout\(request,)41 b(&status\);)150 5407 y(})-64 92 y Fg(1)-64 205 y(2)-64 318 y(3)-64 431 y(4)-64 544 y(5)-64 657 y(6)-64 770 y(7)-64 882 y(8)-64 995 y(9)-80 1108 y(10)-80 1221 y(11)-80 1334 y(12)-80 1447 y(13)-80 1560 y(14)-80 1673 y(15)-80 1786 y(16)-80 1899 y(17)-80 2012 y(18)-80 2124 y(19)-80 2237 y(20)-80 2350 y(21)-80 2463 y(22)-80 2576 y(23)-80 2689 y(24)-80 2802 y(25)-80 2915 y(26)-80 3028 y(27)-80 3141 y(28)-80 3254 y(29)-80 3366 y(30)-80 3479 y(31)-80 3592 y(32)-80 3705 y(33)-80 3818 y(34)-80 3931 y(35)-80 4044 y(36)-80 4157 y(37)-80 4270 y(38)-80 4383 y(39)-80 4496 y(40)-80 4609 y(41)-80 4721 y(42)-80 4834 y(43)-80 4947 y(44)-80 5060 y(45)-80 5173 y(46)-80 5286 y(47)-80 5399 y(48)p eop 8 9 bop 150 -200 a Fp(8)960 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(REAL-TIME)30 b(AND)i(EMBEDDED)g(EXTENSIONS)332 99 y Fp(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)30 b(a)h(single)e(call,)150 311 y Fd(MPI_Start_and_wait\(reque)o (st,)41 b(status,)46 b(timeout\);)332 524 y Fp(could)33 b(b)s(e)h(considered,)g(and)g(migh)m(t)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(in)f(that)i(it)e(is)h(atomic.)53 b(T)-8 b(o)34 b(b)s(e)g(complete,)i(this)150 636 y(prop)s(osal)29 b(should)f(address) i(\\all")g(mo)s(des,)g(as)h(w)m(ell)e(as)i(single)e(p)s(ersisten)m(t)g (op)s(erations.)332 749 y(A)e(similar)e(sequence)i(of)h(calls)e(w)m (ould)g(b)s(e)g(used)h(to)h(ac)m(hiev)m(e)g(send)f(with)f(timeout.)39 b(This)26 b(approac)m(h)150 862 y(mak)m(es)31 b(only)f(an)g(additiv)m (e)f(addition)g(to)i(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(calls)g(in)f(MPI.)150 1149 y Fm(8.7)116 b(F)m(ault)39 b(T)-10 b(olerance)150 1352 y Fp(Issues)30 b(of)g(fault)g(tolerance)h(are)g(imp)s(ortan)m(t)e (for)h(real-time)g(and)g(em)m(b)s(edded)g(systems:)286 1564 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Limit)29 b(failures)286 1752 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(F)-8 b(ault)31 b(detection)286 1939 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Pro)s(cess)31 b(migration)e(\(extend)i(dynamic)e(pro)s (cesses)h(in)f Fl(MPI-2)p Fp(?\))286 2127 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Lo)s(cal)30 b(bu\013er)g(managemen)m(t)286 2315 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Replication)286 2502 y Fk(\017)g Fp(History)30 b(preserv)-5 b(ation)332 2715 y(Our)34 b(curren)m(t)i(idea)f(for)h(ho)m (w)f(fault)g(tolerance)i(is)e(to)h(b)s(e)f(accomplished)g(is)f(via)i Fd(MPI)p 3302 2715 29 4 v 33 w(SPAWN)f Fp(and)150 2828 y Fd(MPI)p 300 2828 V 34 w(NOTIFY)p Fp(,)28 b(b)s(oth)i(describ)s(ed)e (in)h(the)i(Dynamic)f(c)m(hapter)h(of)g Fl(MPI-2)p Fp(.)332 2941 y(Another)k(approac)m(h,)i(discussed)d(early)h(on)g(at)h(the)g Fl(MPI-2)g Fp(F)-8 b(orum,)37 b(and)d(expanded)h(here,)i(is)d(to)150 3054 y(pro)m(vide)29 b(a)i(reco)m(v)m(erable)h(comm)m(unicator.)41 b(This)29 b(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e)g(handled)g(as)i(follo)m(ws:)286 3266 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(A)31 b(fault)e(o)s(ccurs)h(in)g(some)g(no)s(de)g (or)g(no)s(des)g(of)g(a)h(comm)m(unicator)286 3454 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(The)30 b(paren)m(t)h(of)f(the)h(spa)m(wned)f(group)f (is)h(noti\014ed)f(of)i(the)f(fault)g(or)g(faults)286 3641 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(The)28 b(paren)m(t,)h(at)g(its)e(option,)h (kills)e(the)i(fault)m(y)g(no)s(de)f(or)h(no)s(des)g(of)g(the)g(comm)m (unicator)h(through)377 3754 y(an)i(async)m(hronous)e(mec)m(hanism)h (\()p Fj(e.g.)p Fp(,)g Fd(MPI)p 1913 3754 V 34 w(SIGNAL)p Fp(\))286 3942 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(The)28 b(paren)m(t)g(signals)f(the)i (remaining)d(pro)s(cesses)i(of)g(the)h(comm)m(unicator)f(async)m (hronously)-8 b(,)29 b(and)377 4055 y(they)i(execute)h(a)e(signal)f (handler)g(as)i(follo)m(ws:)377 4305 y Fd(MPI_COMM_RECREATE\(IN)43 b(oldcomm,)i(IN)i(newgroup,)f(OUT)g(newcomm,)g(OUT)h(status\);)377 4555 y Fp(where)31 b(the)h Fd(newgroup)d Fp(has)i(b)s(een)g(passed)g (as)h(part)f(of)h(the)f(fault)g(reco)m(v)m(ery)-8 b(,)34 b(through)d(a)h(mec)m(ha-)377 4668 y(nism)27 b(to)h(b)s(e)g(de\014ned.) 39 b(It)28 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(necessary)h(for)g(a)h(single)e(no)s(de)g (to)i(execute)g(sev)m(eral)g(handlers,)377 4780 y(if)k(it)g(is)g(in)m (v)m(olv)m(ed)g(in)g(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(comm)m(unicators,)h (and)e(implemen)m(tations)g(should)e(b)s(e)i(able)377 4893 y(to)e(do)g(this)e(e\016cien)m(tly)-8 b(.)332 5106 y(The)30 b(seman)m(tics)g(of)h Fd(MPI)p 1185 5106 V 33 w(COMM)p 1410 5106 V 34 w(RECREATE)d Fp(are)j(that)g(it)e(sync)m (hronizes)h(o)m(v)m(er)i(the)e Fd(newgroup)p Fp(.)3934 92 y Fg(1)3934 205 y(2)3934 318 y(3)3934 431 y(4)3934 544 y(5)3934 657 y(6)3934 770 y(7)3934 882 y(8)3934 995 y(9)3919 1108 y(10)3919 1221 y(11)3919 1334 y(12)3919 1447 y(13)3919 1560 y(14)3919 1673 y(15)3919 1786 y(16)3919 1899 y(17)3919 2012 y(18)3919 2124 y(19)3919 2237 y(20)3919 2350 y(21)3919 2463 y(22)3919 2576 y(23)3919 2689 y(24)3919 2802 y(25)3919 2915 y(26)3919 3028 y(27)3919 3141 y(28)3919 3254 y(29)3919 3366 y(30)3919 3479 y(31)3919 3592 y(32)3919 3705 y(33)3919 3818 y(34)3919 3931 y(35)3919 4044 y(36)3919 4157 y(37)3919 4270 y(38)3919 4383 y(39)3919 4496 y(40)3919 4609 y(41)3919 4721 y(42)3919 4834 y(43)3919 4947 y(44)3919 5060 y(45)3919 5173 y(46)3919 5286 y(47)3919 5399 y(48)p eop 9 10 bop 150 -200 a Fh(8.8.)72 b(REAL-TIME)30 b(PERSISTENT)e(CHANNELS) 1661 b Fp(9)150 99 y Fm(8.8)116 b(Real-time)37 b(P)m(ersistent)i (Channels)150 301 y Fp(One)h(of)h(the)g(primary)e(goals)i(of)f Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)41 b(is)f(to)h(pro)m(vide)f(real-time)g (functionalit)m(y)f(with)h(minimal)150 414 y(mo)s(di\014cation)31 b(of)i(the)g(existing)e(MPI)i(standard.)47 b(Th)m(us,)32 b(one)h(should)e(minimize)f Fj(additive)j Fp(new)g(func-)150 527 y(tions)e(for)h(MPI)f(whic)m(h)g(mo)s(dify)f(the)i(man)m(y)f(send)g (and)g(receiv)m(e)i(calls)e(and)g(result)g(in)f(a)i(m)m(ultiplicativ)m (e)150 640 y(c)m(hange)j(to)g(the)g(MPI)f(standard.)51 b(One)34 b(w)m(a)m(y)h(this)e(can)i(b)s(e)e(accomplished)g(is)g(with)g (the)i(mo)s(di\014cation)150 753 y(of)c(the)f Fl(MPI)g Fp(p)s(ersisten)m(t)g(comm)m(unications)f(to)i(pro)m(vide)f(sc)m (heduled)f(sends)h(and)f(receiv)m(es.)332 866 y(P)m(ersisten)m(t)23 b(c)m(hannels)f(are)h(prop)s(osed)e(in)g(the)i Fl(MPI-2)g Fp(collectiv)m(e)g(c)m(hapter.)39 b(The)22 b(real-time)g(v)-5 b(arian)m(ts)150 979 y(pro)m(vide)29 b(the)i(follo)m(wing)e(features:) 286 1191 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Negotiation)32 b(of)e(adv)-5 b(ance)31 b(reserv)-5 b(ations)30 b(on)g(net)m(w)m(ork)i(or)e(PV)m(Cs)g (...)286 1379 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Addressing)29 b(an)m(y)h(sp)s(ecial)f (issues)g(of)i(alignmen)m(t/misalignmen)m(t)286 1567 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Negotiation)32 b(for)e(who)g(do)s(es)g(an)m(y)h (needed)f(data)h(con)m(v)m(ersion)286 1754 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Change)31 b(of)f(proto)s(col)g(as)h(function)e(of)i(length)e(of)i (data)332 1967 y(with)e(the)h(addition)f(of)i(qualit)m(y)e(of)i (service)f(and)g(priorit)m(y)e(options.)332 2080 y(W)-8 b(e)31 b(prop)s(ose:)150 2382 y Fl(MPI)p 318 2382 28 4 v 33 w(RTCHANNEL)p 886 2382 V 33 w(SEND)p 1154 2382 V 33 w(INIT\(buf,)g(count,)g(t)m(yp)s(e,)g(dest,)g(qosblo)s(ck,)g 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y(8)-64 995 y(9)-80 1108 y(10)-80 1221 y(11)-80 1334 y(12)-80 1447 y(13)-80 1560 y(14)-80 1673 y(15)-80 1786 y(16)-80 1899 y(17)-80 2012 y(18)-80 2124 y(19)-80 2237 y(20)-80 2350 y(21)-80 2463 y(22)-80 2576 y(23)-80 2689 y(24)-80 2802 y(25)-80 2915 y(26)-80 3028 y(27)-80 3141 y(28)-80 3254 y(29)-80 3366 y(30)-80 3479 y(31)-80 3592 y(32)-80 3705 y(33)-80 3818 y(34)-80 3931 y(35)-80 4044 y(36)-80 4157 y(37)-80 4270 y(38)-80 4383 y(39)-80 4496 y(40)-80 4609 y(41)-80 4721 y(42)-80 4834 y(43)-80 4947 y(44)-80 5060 y(45)-80 5173 y(46)-80 5286 y(47)-80 5399 y(48)p eop 12 13 bop 150 -200 a Fp(12)915 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(REAL-TIME)30 b(AND)i(EMBEDDED)g(EXTENSIONS)150 99 y Fp(exactly)39 b(the)g(same)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)g(c)m(hannel)f(calls)g(ma) m(y)h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed.)67 b Fl(MPI)p 2679 99 28 4 v 32 w(ANYSOURCE)37 b Fp(ma)m(y)j(not)f(b)s(e)150 211 y(p)s(osed)e(as)h(a)f(source)h(for)f(the)h(completion)f(of)h(a)g(c)m (hannel)f(initialization.)59 b(Only)36 b(built-in)e(datat)m(yp)s(es)150 324 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y(system)h(and)e(comm)m(unication)h(and)g(net)m(w)m(ork)h(proto)s (cols)f(to)h(enforce)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(sc)m(hedules.)332 1604 y(An)43 b(application)f(using)h(time-driv)m(en)f Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)44 b(will)d(b)s(e)j(able)f(to)h(sp)s(ecify)f (time)g(in)m(terv)-5 b(als)43 b(to)150 1717 y(b)s(ound)34 b(the)j(resource)g(usage)g(of)f(comm)m(unication)g(op)s(erations)g (using)f(globally)g(sync)m(hronized)h(clo)s(c)m(k)150 1830 y(v)-5 b(alues,)31 b(and)g(the)h(implemen)m(tation)e(of)h (time-driv)m(en)g Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)31 b(will)e(ful\014ll)f(these)k (requiremen)m(ts)e(with)150 1943 y(minimal)e(c)m(hanges)j(to)g(the)g (MPI)f(standard.)332 2056 y(F)-8 b(or)46 b(practicalit)m(y)-8 b(,)49 b(the)d(w)m(ork)f(of)g(our)g(e\013orts)h(has)f(b)s(een)g(to)h (minimize)d(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(new)150 2169 y(functions)20 b(in)m(tro)s(duced)h(in)m(to)h Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)22 b(pro\014les)e(to)j(pro)m(vide)e(these)h(real-time)g (features.)38 b(MPI)22 b(supp)s(orts)150 2282 y(b)s(oth)h(blo)s(c)m (king)f(and)g(non-blo)s(c)m(king)g(sends)g(and)h(receiv)m(es,)j(as)d(w) m(ell)g(bu\013ered,)g(sync)m(hronous,)h(and)f(ready)150 2394 y(v)m(ersions)g(of)h(eac)m(h.)40 b(W)-8 b(e)25 b(decided)e(it)h(w) m(as)g(imp)s(ortan)m(t)f(not)h(add)g(new)f(v)m(ersions)g(of)h(eac)m(h)i (send)d(and)g(receiv)m(e)150 2507 y(mo)s(de,)j(increasing)e(the)h(n)m (um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h Fl(MPI)g Fp(calls)f(m)m(ultiplicativ)m(ely)-8 b(.)37 b(Rather,)27 b(w)m(e)e(sough)m(t)h(solutions)d(that)150 2620 y(w)m(ould)29 b(in)m(v)m(olv)m(e)i(additiv)m(e)e(additions)g(in)g (the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(MPI)f(functions.)150 2864 y Ff(8.9.1)97 b(Scheduling)33 b(Message)g(T)-8 b(ransfers)150 3035 y Fp(The)22 b(existing)f Fl(MPI)h Fp(message)i(transfer)e(op)s (erations)f(lac)m(k)i(t)m(w)m(o)h(parameters)f(whic)m(h)e(w)m(e)i (consider)e(critical)150 3148 y(for)41 b(real-time)g(applications,)h (esp)s(ecially)e(for)h(the)g(time-driv)m(en)f(programming)g(paradigm.) 72 b(These)150 3261 y(are)37 b(a)g(starting)f(time)h(of)f(the)h(op)s (eration)f(and)g(a)h(timeout)g(for)f(completion)g(of)h(the)g(op)s (eration.)58 b(The)150 3374 y(starting)39 b(time)f(of)h(an)g(op)s (eration)f(should)f(b)s(e)h(considered)g(as)h(a)g(sp)s(ecial)f(case)i (of)f(an)f(ev)m(en)m(t.)68 b(While)150 3487 y(certain)31 b(applications)e(\(esp)s(ecially)g(em)m(b)s(edded)h(ones\))i(prefer)e (an)h(ev)m(en)g(\014ner)f(gran)m(ularit)m(y)g(of)h(con)m(trol,)150 3600 y(w)m(e)36 b(tried)f(to)i(strik)m(e)e(a)h(balance)g(b)s(et)m(w)m (een)h(the)f(feasibilit)m(y)d(of)j(an)g(implemen)m(tation)e(and)h(what) h(time-)150 3713 y(driv)m(en)29 b(application)f(designers)h(w)m(an)m(t) i(to)g(use.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)f(there)h(is)e(a)h(hard)f(lo)m (w)m(er)i(b)s(ound)d(for)i(the)150 3826 y(starting)g(time,)g(but)g(no)g (hard)g(upp)s(er)e(b)s(ound)g(on)j(the)f(starting)g(time.)332 3939 y(One)25 b(distinctiv)m(e)f(c)m(haracteristic)i(of)g(the)g (time-driv)m(en)e(approac)m(h)i(to)g(real-time)g(message-passing)150 4052 y(is)37 b(its)h(lac)m(k)g(of)h(need)f(for)g(queues)f(and)h(system) g(bu\013ers.)63 b(Applications)36 b(use)i Fj(r)-5 b(e)g(ady)42 b(mo)-5 b(de)40 b Fp(message-)150 4164 y(passing)f(implicitly)-8 b(.)69 b(A)40 b(ready-mo)s(de)h(send)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(started)h Fj(only)h Fp(if)d(the)i(matc)m(hing)g(receiv)m(e)g(has)150 4277 y(already)g(b)s(een)f(p)s(osted)g([].)73 b(On)40 b(man)m(y)h(systems,)j(this)c(allo)m(ws)g(the)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)41 b(of)h(a)f(hand-shak)m(e)g(op-)150 4390 y(eration)c(and)f (results)g(in)g(impro)m(v)m(ed)g(p)s(erformance.)60 b(Since)36 b(a)h(parallel)f(time-driv)m(en)f(program)i(m)m(ust)150 4503 y(globally)d(sc)m(hedule)h(all)g(message)i(transmissions,)e(the)h (message)h(receiv)m(er)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)g(kno)m(ws)g(to)g(exp)s(ect)150 4616 y(an)28 b(incoming)e(message.)41 b(Th)m(us,)28 b(for)f(reasons)h (of)g(e\016ciency)g(and)f(simplicit)m(y)-8 b(,)27 b(a)h(time-driv)m(en) f(MPI/R)-8 b(T)150 4729 y(implemen)m(tation)32 b(should)f(not)i(do)g (an)m(y)g(handshaking)e(\(as)j(man)m(y)f(of)g(the)g(existing)f (implemen)m(tations)150 4842 y(do\).)45 b(It)32 b(is)f(up)g(to)i(the)f (application)e(to)j(sp)s(ecify)d(times)i(\(for)g(start)g(and)f (timeout\))i(to)f(ensure)f(that)i(the)150 4955 y(sender/receiv)m(er)e (\(lo)s(cal/remote\))g(pairs)e(are)i(w)m(orking)f(in)f(sync)m(hron)m(y) -8 b(.)332 5068 y(Another)39 b(distinctiv)m(e)e(feature)i(is)f(a)h(p)s (oten)m(tially)e(more)i(e\016cien)m(t)g(w)m(a)m(y)h(of)f(using)e (noti\014cations,)150 5181 y(whic)m(h)21 b(can)h(b)s(e)g(more)g (minimal)d(than)j(with)f(other)h(approac)m(hes.)39 b(A)22 b(time-driv)m(en)f(MPI/R)-8 b(T)23 b(application)150 5294 y(do)s(es)g(not)h(need)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(noti\014ed)f(when)h(a)h (message)h(is)e(transmitted)g(successfully)f(and)h(on)h(time;)i (instead)150 5406 y(it)36 b(is)f(noti\014ed)g(only)h(when)f(an)h(error) g(o)s(ccurs)g(\(e.g.,)j(a)e(timeout)f(expires\).)58 b(A)36 b(matter)i(of)e(signi\014can)m(t)3934 92 y Fg(1)3934 205 y(2)3934 318 y(3)3934 431 y(4)3934 544 y(5)3934 657 y(6)3934 770 y(7)3934 882 y(8)3934 995 y(9)3919 1108 y(10)3919 1221 y(11)3919 1334 y(12)3919 1447 y(13)3919 1560 y(14)3919 1673 y(15)3919 1786 y(16)3919 1899 y(17)3919 2012 y(18)3919 2124 y(19)3919 2237 y(20)3919 2350 y(21)3919 2463 y(22)3919 2576 y(23)3919 2689 y(24)3919 2802 y(25)3919 2915 y(26)3919 3028 y(27)3919 3141 y(28)3919 3254 y(29)3919 3366 y(30)3919 3479 y(31)3919 3592 y(32)3919 3705 y(33)3919 3818 y(34)3919 3931 y(35)3919 4044 y(36)3919 4157 y(37)3919 4270 y(38)3919 4383 y(39)3919 4496 y(40)3919 4609 y(41)3919 4721 y(42)3919 4834 y(43)3919 4947 y(44)3919 5060 y(45)3919 5173 y(46)3919 5286 y(47)3919 5399 y(48)p eop 13 14 bop 150 -200 a Fh(8.9.)72 b(TIME-DRIVEN)31 b Fl(MPI)p Fh(/R)-8 b(T)2292 b Fp(13)150 99 y(discussion)34 b(in)h(the)h(MPI/R)-8 b(T)37 b(group)f(concerns)g(precisely)f(what)i(should)d(happ)s(en)h(to) i(messages)g(left)150 211 y(on)30 b(the)h(net)m(w)m(ork)g(when)e(a)i (timeout)g(expires.)150 455 y Ff(8.9.2)97 b(Time-driven)32 b(MPI/RT)150 626 y Fp(An)g(activit)m(y)h(in)m(terv)-5 b(al,)32 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(a)h(starting)f(time)g(and)g(a)h (timeout,)g(is)f(an)g(input)e(parameter)j(for)150 739 y(a)41 b(sc)m(heduled)e(message)j(send.)71 b(The)40 b(purp)s(ose)f(of)i (this)f(parameter)h(is)e(to)j(ensure)e(that)h(the)g(system)150 852 y(resources)d(required)f(to)i(satisfy)e(this)g(op)s(eration)h(will) e(not)i(b)s(e)g(used)f(outside)h(of)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)m(terv)-5 b(al.)150 965 y(These)37 b(resources)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(narro)m(wly)f(in)m (terpreted)h(to)h(refer)g(to)g(the)g(in)m(terpro)s(cess)f(comm)m (unications)150 1078 y(net)m(w)m(ork.)58 b(A)36 b(broader)f(in)m (terpretation)g(w)m(ould)g(include)e(memory)j(accesses,)j(no)s(de)c (busses,)h(net)m(w)m(ork)150 1191 y(in)m(terface)g(cards,)i(and)d(so)h (on.)57 b(Again,)37 b(while)d(w)m(e)i(prefer)f(a)i(\014ner)d(gran)m (ularit)m(y)i(of)g(con)m(trol,)h(w)m(e)g(ha)m(v)m(e)150 1304 y(tried)26 b(to)j(strik)m(e)e(a)h(balance)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h (the)g(feasibilit)m(y)d(of)j(an)f(implemen)m(tation)f(and)h(what)g (time-driv)m(en)150 1417 y(sc)m(hedule)j(designers)f(w)m(an)m(t)i(to)g (use.)332 1530 y(The)37 b(starting)g(time)g(and)g(timeout)h(are)g (somewhat)g(symmetric.)61 b(The)37 b(starting)h(time)f(ensures)150 1643 y(that)i(the)g(resources)f(needed)h(for)f(a)h(data)g(transfer)f (op)s(eration)g(will)e(b)s(e)i(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)38 b(at)h(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)150 1756 y(start)g(time.)63 b(The)37 b(timeout)h(parameter,)j(in)36 b(con)m(trast,)42 b(w)m(ould)37 b(ideally)f(sp)s(ecify)g(the)i(time)g(when)f(all)150 1868 y(resources)f(used)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(message)h(transfer)e(op)s (eration)g(are)h(no)g(longer)f(in)f(use.)57 b(That)35 b(is,)i(after)f(the)150 1981 y(time)31 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)g(the)h (timeout,)h(irresp)s(ectiv)m(e)e(of)i(whether)e(the)i(op)s(eration)f (completed)g(successfully)150 2094 y(or)25 b(not,)i(all)d(system)h (resources)g(\(ph)m(ysical)g(net)m(w)m(ork,)i(net)m(w)m(ork)f(in)m (terface)g(cards,)g(no)s(de)e(buses,)i(message)150 2207 y(bu\013ers,)d(etc.\))39 b(ha)m(v)m(e)23 b(b)s(een)f(released)g(and)f (can)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(for)h(subsequen)m(t)f(message-passing)h(op)s (erations.)332 2320 y(Unfortunately)-8 b(,)25 b(in)d(practice)j(these)f (guaran)m(tees)h(often)g(cannot)f(b)s(e)f(met.)39 b(The)24 b(MIP/R)-8 b(T)24 b(timeout)150 2433 y(therefore)32 b(sp)s(eci\014es)e (that)i(the)f(message)i(transfer)e(should)e(b)s(e)i(stopp)s(ed)f(and)h (the)h(calling)e(application)150 2546 y(should)20 b(b)s(e)h(noti\014ed) g(if)g(the)h(op)s(eration)f(has)h(not)g(completed)g(b)m(y)f(the)h (timeout)g(time.)38 b(Since)21 b(the)h(message)150 2659 y(ma)m(y)29 b(b)s(e)f(progressing)f(through)h(a)h(m)m(ulti-stage)g(net) m(w)m(ork,)g(a)g(time-driv)m(en)e(MPI/R)-8 b(T)29 b(implemen)m(tation) 150 2772 y(ma)m(y)43 b(need)f(to)h(send)f(a)h(message)g(from)f(the)h (receiv)m(er)g(no)s(de)f(to)h(the)f(sender)g(to)h(indicate)f(that)h (the)150 2885 y(timeout)37 b(has)g(o)s(ccurred.)60 b(The)37 b(resulting)e(error)i(messages)h(ma)m(y)f(not)h(b)s(e)e(receiv)m(ed)i (b)m(y)f(the)g(timeout)150 2998 y(deadline,)29 b(and)g(they)i(ma)m(y)g (use)f(resources)g(after)h(the)f(timeout.)41 b(Th)m(us)29 b(the)i(application)d(ma)m(y)j(need)f(to)150 3110 y(reserv)m(e)h (resources)g(to)g(handle)e(suc)m(h)i(ev)m(en)m(ts.)43 b(It)30 b(should)f(not)i(b)s(e)f(the)h(resp)s(onsibilit)m(y)26 b(of)31 b(the)g Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)150 3223 y(implemen)m(tation)33 b(to)j(pro)m(vide)e(this)f(b)s(ound,)h(since)g(an)m(y)h(guaran)m(tees)h (whic)m(h)e(can)h(b)s(e)f(giv)m(en)h(from)f(the)150 3336 y(p)s(ersp)s(ectiv)m(e)j(of)g(a)h(user-lev)m(el)f(message-passing)h (library)d(w)m(ould)i(b)s(e)g(to)s(o)h(naiv)m(e)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(useful.) 60 b(The)150 3449 y(application)43 b(itself)g(is)h(in)f(a)j(m)m(uc)m(h) e(b)s(etter)h(p)s(osition)e(to)i(kno)m(w)g(timing)e(and)h(p)s (erformance)g(details)150 3562 y(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)35 b(to)h(establishing)c(suc)m(h)j(a)g(b)s(ound,)f(including)e(details)i (of)h(the)g(platform)f(and)g(kno)m(wledge)h(of)150 3675 y(the)k(run-time)e(patterns)i(of)f(comm)m(unication.)65 b(Ev)m(en)39 b(for)f(the)h(application,)h(it)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f (extremely)150 3788 y(di\016cult)29 b(to)k(establish)c(suc)m(h)i(b)s (ounds,)f(esp)s(ecially)g(if)g(the)i(real-time)f(p)s(erformance)g(c)m (haracteristics)h(of)150 3901 y(the)25 b(op)s(erating)f(system)g(or)h (the)g(underlying)c(run)m(time)i(system)i(are)g(p)s(o)s(orly)e(kno)m (wn)h(or)g(highly)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 4144 y Ff(8.9.3)97 b(MPI/RT)31 b(Time)h(Handle)150 4316 y Fp(The)c(starting)g(times)f(and) h(timeouts)g(in)f(time-driv)m(en)g(MPI/R)-8 b(T)28 b(message)i (transfers)d(are)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(b)m(y)150 4429 y(a)39 b(time)g Fj(hand)5 b(le)39 b Fp(called)f(an)h Fi(MPI)p 1365 4429 32 4 v 38 w(Timeob)6 b(j)p Fp(.)65 b(A)38 b Fi(MPI)p 2195 4429 V 38 w(Timeob)6 b(j)38 b Fp(has)h(three)f(\014elds,) i Fi(T)m(yp)s(e)f Fp(and)150 4542 y Fi(Start)p 390 4542 V 37 w(Time)30 b Fp(and)h Fi(Timeout)p Fp(.)43 b Fi(T)m(yp)s(e)31 b Fp(m)m(ust)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(one)e(of)h(three)g(v)-5 b(alues,)31 b Fi(Ignorable)p Fp(,)h Fi(Absolute)p Fp(,)150 4655 y(or)44 b Fi(Relativ)m(e)p Fp(.)81 b(When)43 b(a)i(starting)e(time)h(is)e(giv)m (en)i(b)m(y)g(a)g Fi(MPI)p 2498 4655 V 38 w(Timeob)6 b(j)43 b Fp(of)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g Fi(Ignorable)p Fp(,)150 4768 y(there)33 b(is)f(no)h(hard)f(constrain)m(t)h(on)g(when)f(the)h (op)s(eration)g(should)e(start.)49 b(Implicitly)-8 b(,)31 b(it)h(should)f(start)150 4880 y(as)42 b(so)s(on)g(as)g(p)s(ossible,)g (just)f(as)i(with)d(the)i(curren)m(t)g Fl(MPI)f Fp(calls.)75 b(Similarly)-8 b(,)41 b(when)g(a)h Fi(Timeout)f Fp(is)150 4993 y(giv)m(en)e(b)m(y)g(a)g Fi(MPI)p 831 4993 V 38 w(Timeob)6 b(j)38 b Fp(of)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g Fi(Ignorable)p Fp(,)j(there)d(is)f(no)h(hard)f(constrain)m(t)h(on)g(when)f(the)150 5106 y(op)s(eration)28 b(should)e(end.)39 b(The)28 b(second)g(\014eld)f (of)i(a)f Fi(MPI)p 2109 5106 V 38 w(Timeob)6 b(j)28 b Fp(can)g(b)s(e)g(ignored)f(if)g(the)i(\014rst)e(\014eld)150 5219 y(is)i Fi(Ignorable)p Fp(.)332 5332 y(F)-8 b(or)28 b(a)h Fi(MPI)p 782 5332 V 38 w(Timeob)6 b(j)26 b Fp(whose)i(\014rst)f (\014eld)g(is)g Fi(Absolute)h Fp(or)g Fi(Relativ)m(e)p Fp(,)g(the)h(second)e(and)h(third)-64 92 y Fg(1)-64 205 y(2)-64 318 y(3)-64 431 y(4)-64 544 y(5)-64 657 y(6)-64 770 y(7)-64 882 y(8)-64 995 y(9)-80 1108 y(10)-80 1221 y(11)-80 1334 y(12)-80 1447 y(13)-80 1560 y(14)-80 1673 y(15)-80 1786 y(16)-80 1899 y(17)-80 2012 y(18)-80 2124 y(19)-80 2237 y(20)-80 2350 y(21)-80 2463 y(22)-80 2576 y(23)-80 2689 y(24)-80 2802 y(25)-80 2915 y(26)-80 3028 y(27)-80 3141 y(28)-80 3254 y(29)-80 3366 y(30)-80 3479 y(31)-80 3592 y(32)-80 3705 y(33)-80 3818 y(34)-80 3931 y(35)-80 4044 y(36)-80 4157 y(37)-80 4270 y(38)-80 4383 y(39)-80 4496 y(40)-80 4609 y(41)-80 4721 y(42)-80 4834 y(43)-80 4947 y(44)-80 5060 y(45)-80 5173 y(46)-80 5286 y(47)-80 5399 y(48)p eop 14 15 bop 150 -200 a Fp(14)915 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(REAL-TIME)30 b(AND)i(EMBEDDED)g(EXTENSIONS)150 99 y Fp(\014elds,)j Fi(Start)p 654 99 32 4 v 36 w(Time)f Fp(and)g Fi(Timeout)p Fp(,)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(a)h(\014elds)e(con)m(taining)i (double)e(precision)g(\015oating)150 211 y(p)s(oin)m(t)i(n)m(um)m(b)s (ers.)57 b(In)36 b(either)f(case,)k Fi(Absolute)e Fp(or)f Fi(Relativ)m(e)p Fp(,)i Fi(Start)p 2660 211 V 37 w(Time)d Fp(and)g Fi(Timeout)g Fp(refer)150 324 y(to)42 b(the)g(global)f(sync)m (hronized)g(clo)s(c)m(k,)k(but)c(in)f(the)i(relativ)m(e)g(case,)k(an)41 b(actual)i(constrain)m(t)e(is)g(to)i(b)s(e)150 437 y(deriv)m(ed)30 b(at)h(run-time)f(b)m(y)g(adding)g Fi(Start)p 1620 437 V 36 w(Time)g Fp(or)h Fi(Timeout)e Fp(to)j(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(returned)f(b)m(y)i(as)g(fresh)150 550 y(as)g(p)s(ossible)d (a)j(read)f(of)h(the)f(global)g(sync)m(hronized)f(clo)s(c)m(k.)42 b(Note)31 b(that)g(ev)m(en)h(in)d(the)h Fi(Absolute)h Fp(form,)150 663 y(an)36 b(actual)h(time)f(requiremen)m(t)g(cannot)h (necessarily)f(b)s(e)g(constructed)g(un)m(til)f(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)h(the)f(time)150 776 y(ob)5 b(ject)31 b(at)g(the)g(time)f(of)h(the)f(execution)h(of)f(the)h(call)e(is)h(kno)m (wn.)150 1062 y Fm(8.10)115 b(Time-Driven)36 b(Channel)j(Calls)150 1265 y Fp(Using)30 b(p)s(ersisten)m(t)g(c)m(hannels)g(to)h(sc)m(hedule) f(a)h(time-driv)m(en)f(message)h(transaction)g(in)m(v)m(olv)m(es)g(the) g(addi-)150 1378 y(tion)36 b(of)g(an)g Fl(MPI)p 752 1378 28 4 v 32 w(Timeobj)h Fp(parameter)g(to)g(the)f Fl(MPI)p 2016 1378 V 32 w(ST)-8 b(ART\(\))36 b Fp(call,)h(whic)m(h)e(activ)-5 b(ates)37 b(a)g(p)s(ersisten)m(t)150 1491 y(comm)m(unications)j (handle.)70 b Fl(MPI)p 1357 1491 V 32 w(ST)-8 b(ART)p Fp(,)40 b Fl(MPI)p 1904 1491 V 33 w(ST)-8 b(ART)g(ALL)40 b Fp(and)f Fl(MPI)p 2764 1491 V 33 w(W)-8 b(AIT/TEST)41 b Fp(op)s(erate)g(as)150 1604 y(with)30 b(other)i(non-blo)s(c)m(king)d (op)s(erations)i(to)h(con)m(v)m(ert)h(a)f Fb(request)f Fp(in)m(to)g(a)h Fb(status)e Fp(and)h(mark)g(as)g(complete)150 1717 y(the)g(op)s(eration.)150 2019 y Fl(MPI)p 318 2019 V 33 w(ST)-8 b(ART)p 638 2019 V 31 w(TIME\(request,)32 b(timehandle,)e(requestout\))233 2173 y Fc(IN)312 b Fl(request)900 b Fc(primitiv)n(e)28 b(request)f(ob)5 b(ject)27 b(\(p)r(ersisten)n(t)h (request\))233 2324 y(IN)312 b Fl(timehandle)759 b Fc(message)27 b(timing)h(parameters)233 2474 y(IN)312 b Fl(f)1145 b Fc(function)29 b(to)e(call)g(on)h(failure)332 2723 y Fp(As)37 b(an)g(example)g(of)g(this)f(approac)m(h,)k(the)d(follo)m (wing)f(co)s(de)h(sc)m(hedules)f(a)i(send)e(at)i(a)g(particular)150 2836 y(time:)150 3123 y Fd(MPI_Timeobject)44 b(timehandle;)150 3236 y(MPI_Comm)i(comm;)150 3349 y(MPI_Request)f(request;)150 3462 y(MPI_Rtchannel_Send_init\()o(buf,)c(count,)46 b(type,)245 3575 y(dest,)h(timehandle,)e(comm,)h(&request\);)150 3687 y(...)150 3800 y(for\(;;\))150 3913 y({)293 4026 y(timehandle.Type)e(=)j(Relative;)293 4139 y(timehandle.Start_Time)42 b(=)48 b(0.3)150 4252 y(//)f(Send)g(the)g(message)f(in)h(300)g(msecs) 293 4365 y(timehandle.Timeout)c(=)k(0.4;)150 4478 y(//)g(Message)f (must)h(complete)e(in)i(100)g(msecs)293 4591 y (MPI_Start_Time\(request,)42 b(timehandle,)i(f\);)293 4704 y(MPI_Wait_timeout\(request,)d(&status\);)150 4817 y(})332 5004 y Fp(F)-8 b(or)35 b(time-driv)m(en)e Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T,)34 b(it)g(is)f(su\016cien)m(t)h(to)h(map)f(a)g(request)g (in)m(to)g(a)h(function)e(call)g(sp)s(eci\014-)150 5117 y(cation)g(\(p)s(er)f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation\),)h(so)g(that)g(no)f(status) h(is)e(formed,)i(and)f(no)g(sp)s(ecial)f(action)i(is)e(tak)m(en,)k (unless)150 5230 y(a)30 b(timeout)g(o)s(ccurs.)40 b(Other)29 b(violations)f(could)h(o)s(ccur,)h(in)e(the)i(c)m(hannel)f(situation,)g (and)g(an)h(analogous)150 5343 y(mec)m(hanism)g(to)h(the)f(timeout)h (ev)m(en)m(t)h(m)m(ust)e(b)s(e)g(pro)m(vided.)39 b(W)-8 b(e)32 b(prop)s(ose:)3934 92 y Fg(1)3934 205 y(2)3934 318 y(3)3934 431 y(4)3934 544 y(5)3934 657 y(6)3934 770 y(7)3934 882 y(8)3934 995 y(9)3919 1108 y(10)3919 1221 y(11)3919 1334 y(12)3919 1447 y(13)3919 1560 y(14)3919 1673 y(15)3919 1786 y(16)3919 1899 y(17)3919 2012 y(18)3919 2124 y(19)3919 2237 y(20)3919 2350 y(21)3919 2463 y(22)3919 2576 y(23)3919 2689 y(24)3919 2802 y(25)3919 2915 y(26)3919 3028 y(27)3919 3141 y(28)3919 3254 y(29)3919 3366 y(30)3919 3479 y(31)3919 3592 y(32)3919 3705 y(33)3919 3818 y(34)3919 3931 y(35)3919 4044 y(36)3919 4157 y(37)3919 4270 y(38)3919 4383 y(39)3919 4496 y(40)3919 4609 y(41)3919 4721 y(42)3919 4834 y(43)3919 4947 y(44)3919 5060 y(45)3919 5173 y(46)3919 5286 y(47)3919 5399 y(48)p eop 15 16 bop 150 -200 a Fh(8.11.)73 b(EVENT-DRIVEN)30 b Fl(MPI)p Fh(/R)-8 b(T)2165 b Fp(15)150 99 y Fl(MPI)p 318 99 28 4 v 33 w(REQUEST)p 761 99 V 31 w(EVENT\(request,)32 b(f)6 b(\))233 253 y Fc(INOUT)125 b Fl(request)900 b Fc(primitiv)n(e)28 b(request)f(ob)5 b(ject)27 b(\(p)r(ersisten)n(t)h (request\))233 402 y(IN)312 b Fl(f)1145 b Fc(F)-7 b(unction)29 b(to)e(call)g(f\(comm,request,co)r(de\))h(if)g(failure)332 650 y Fp(The)g(request)i(is)e(subsumed)f(b)m(y)i(this)f(call,)h(and)g (nev)m(er)g(re-emerges)h(unless)e(the)h(function)f Fd(f)h Fp(m)m(ust)150 763 y(b)s(e)h(called)f(on)i(the)f(error.)150 1048 y Fm(8.11)115 b(Event-Driven)38 b(MPI/RT)150 1251 y Fp(The)31 b(functionalit)m(y)g(for)h(ev)m(en)m(t-driv)m(en)g (programming)f(is)g(in)m(tro)s(duced)f(in)h Fl(MPI-2)p Fp(.)46 b(In)31 b(particular,)g(the)150 1364 y(handler)24 b(concept)j(in)m(tro)s(duced)e(in)g(the)h(one-sided)f(comm)m (unications)h(c)m(hapter)h(is)e(an)h(ideal)f(mec)m(hanism)150 1477 y(for)33 b(implemen)m(ting)d(ev)m(en)m(t-driv)m(en)k(systems.)48 b(In)32 b(situations)f(where)i(fault-tolerance)g(is)f(required,)f(w)m (e)150 1590 y(recommend)f(the)h(fault-toleran)m(t)f(handler)f(mec)m (hanism)h(giv)m(en)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)332 1703 y(Ev)m(en)m(t-driv)m(en)f (applications)e(will)f(b)s(e)i(supp)s(orted)f(via)h(message)i(handlers) d(describ)s(ed)f(in)i(the)h(Ex-)150 1816 y(ternal)h(In)m(terfaces)h(c)m (hapter.)150 2101 y Fm(8.12)115 b(Prio)m(rit)m(y-based)37 b(MPI/RT)150 2307 y Ff(8.12.1)97 b(Prio)m(ritization)150 2478 y Fp(P)m(ossible)29 b(candidates)h(for)h(prioritization)d(in)h (MPI)h(include:)39 b(messages,)31 b(pro)s(cesses,)g(and/or)f(comm)m(u-) 150 2591 y(nicators.)332 2704 y(Issues)f(include:)286 2907 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Static)32 b(vs)f(Dynamic)g(priorities)e(|)i(It)g (is)f(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)j(to)f(ha)m(v)m(e)g(static)g(priorities,)d (but)i(without)377 3020 y(the)41 b(preemption)d(capabilit)m(y)-8 b(,)42 b(priorities)c(need)i(to)g(b)s(e)g(dynamically)d(c)m(hanged)k (to)g(cop)s(e)f(with)377 3132 y(un)m(b)s(ounded)28 b(priorit)m(y)h(in)m (v)m(ersion.)286 3317 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Resource)32 b(Allo)s(cation)f (|)g(It's)h(ob)m(vious)f(that)h(if)f(an)g(en)m(tit)m(y)i(has)e(a)h (priorit)m(y)e(then)h(the)h(resource)377 3430 y(that)37 b(it)e(o)s(ccupies)g(should)f(inherit)f(that)k(priorit)m(y)-8 b(.)56 b(Then)35 b(w)m(e)h(should)e(outline)g(ho)m(w)i(resources)377 3543 y(are)31 b(allo)s(cated)f(and)g(freed)g(and)g(ho)m(w)g(con)m(ten)m (tions)i(are)e(resolv)m(ed.)286 3727 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(E\013ect)24 b(on)e(Progress)h(Rule)e(|)i(In)f(the)g(presence)h(of)g(prioritized)d (comm)m(unication)i(and)g(deadlines,)377 3840 y(w)m(e)39 b(need)f(to)h(establish)d(deterministic)g(progress)i(rules)e(for)i(in)m (tra-comm)m(unicator)h(and)e(in)m(ter-)377 3953 y(comm)m(unicator)31 b(comm)m(unication.)150 4195 y Ff(8.12.2)97 b(Message)33 b(Preemption)150 4366 y Fp(In)42 b(addition)f(to)j(pro)m(viding)d (priorit)m(y)g(in)h(messaging,)k(a)e(mo)s(del)e(for)g(ho)m(w)h (messages)h(preempt)f(one)150 4479 y(another)31 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e (useful,)g(but)h(sp)s(eci\014c)f(prop)s(osals)g(are)i(needed)f(in)f (this)g(area.)150 4718 y Fl(Ho)m(w)j(p)m(rio)m(rit)m(y)f(messaging)g (in)f(MPI)g(should)h(w)m(o)m(rk)h(\(a)m(rea)f(of)f(lots)h(of)f (discussion\))150 4889 y Fp(Curren)m(tly)-8 b(,)26 b Fl(MPI)g Fp(do)s(es)f(not)h(p)s(ose)g(ordering)f(requiremen)m(ts)g(b)s (et)m(w)m(een)h(comm)m(unicators.)40 b(F)-8 b(urthermore,)150 5002 y(all)29 b(messaging)i(on)f(a)h(comm)m(unicator)f(is)g(at)h(a)g (single)e(lev)m(el)h(of)g(priorit)m(y)-8 b(.)332 5115 y Fl(MPI)30 b Fp(implemen)m(tations)f(m)m(ust)h(do)g(at)h(least)g(the)g (follo)m(wing:)286 5294 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(When)41 b(it)g(is)f(p)s (ossible)f(to)j(handle)d(t)m(w)m(o)k(or)e(more)g(receiv)m(e)h(requests) f(at)h(the)f(same)h(time,)i(the)377 5407 y(highest)30 b(priorit)m(y)f(request)h(is)g(handled)-64 92 y Fg(1)-64 205 y(2)-64 318 y(3)-64 431 y(4)-64 544 y(5)-64 657 y(6)-64 770 y(7)-64 882 y(8)-64 995 y(9)-80 1108 y(10)-80 1221 y(11)-80 1334 y(12)-80 1447 y(13)-80 1560 y(14)-80 1673 y(15)-80 1786 y(16)-80 1899 y(17)-80 2012 y(18)-80 2124 y(19)-80 2237 y(20)-80 2350 y(21)-80 2463 y(22)-80 2576 y(23)-80 2689 y(24)-80 2802 y(25)-80 2915 y(26)-80 3028 y(27)-80 3141 y(28)-80 3254 y(29)-80 3366 y(30)-80 3479 y(31)-80 3592 y(32)-80 3705 y(33)-80 3818 y(34)-80 3931 y(35)-80 4044 y(36)-80 4157 y(37)-80 4270 y(38)-80 4383 y(39)-80 4496 y(40)-80 4609 y(41)-80 4721 y(42)-80 4834 y(43)-80 4947 y(44)-80 5060 y(45)-80 5173 y(46)-80 5286 y(47)-80 5399 y(48)p eop 16 17 bop 150 -200 a Fp(16)915 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(REAL-TIME)30 b(AND)i(EMBEDDED)g(EXTENSIONS)286 99 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(When)32 b(t)m(w)m(o)i(or)e(more)h(send)e(requests)h (are)h(in)e(progress,)i(the)f(highest)g(priorit)m(y)f(request)h(should) 377 211 y(b)s(e)e(handled.)286 399 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(The)i(system)h(m)m (ust)f(accept)i(en)m(v)m(elop)s(es)e(from)g(remote)i(senders)d(in)g (order)h(to)h(supp)s(ort)e(the)377 512 y(progress)30 b(rule)286 700 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(When)26 b(higher)f(priorit)m(y)g (transmissions)e(are)k(blo)s(c)m(k)m(ed,)g(lo)m(w)m(er)g(priorit)m(y)d (messages)k(m)m(ust)e(b)s(e)f(han-)377 812 y(dled)35 b(\(this)g(means)h(that)h(some)g(priorit)m(y)d(in)m(v)m(ersion)h (e\013ects)j(are)e(inevitable,)g(and)g(w)m(e)g(need)g(to)377 925 y(discuss)29 b(ho)m(w)h(w)m(e)h(w)m(an)m(t)g(MPI)g(to)g(b)s(eha)m (v)m(e\))150 1166 y Fl(Other)f(Comments)286 1337 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(W)-8 b(e)46 b(m)m(ust)e(consider)f(whether)g(some)i(statemen)m(t)h (ab)s(out)d(fairness)g(is)g(useful)g(in)f(the)j(face)g(of)377 1450 y(priorit)m(y)29 b(comm)m(unication.)40 b(F)-8 b(airness)30 b(is)g(not)g(necessarily)g(go)s(o)s(d.)286 1638 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(W)-8 b(e)27 b(need)f(a)g(mec)m(hanism)g(to)g(a)m(v)m(oid)h(deadlo) s(c)m(ks)f(due)f(to)h(priorit)m(y)f(messaging)h({)g(ceiling)e (priorities)377 1751 y(/)31 b(priorit)m(y)e(inheritance)150 1963 y(And)f(w)m(e)i(need)e(to)i(en)m(umerate)g(the)f(kinds)e(of)i (problems)e(that)j(can)f(arise)g(b)s(ecause)g(of)g(priorities)d(in)i (the)150 2076 y(lo)m(w)i(lev)m(els)g(of)h(the)f(implemen)m(tation.)150 2316 y Fl(Other)g(situations)150 2488 y Fp(The)f(follo)m(wing)f (conditions)g(will)f(b)s(e)i(addressed)g(in)f(the)i(next)f(v)m(ersion)g (of)h(the)g(priorit)m(y)e(sub-prop)s(osal:)286 2675 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Priorit)m(y)29 b(maps)h(when)g(comms)g(split)286 2863 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Priorit)m(y)29 b(maps)h(when)g(w)m(orlds)f (merge)150 3106 y Ff(8.12.3)97 b(Other)33 b(issues)150 3278 y Fp(Sev)m(eral)d(other)h(attributes)f(can)h(b)s(e)e(attac)m(hed)k (to)e(comm)m(unicators)f(in)f(a)i(similar)d(w)m(a)m(y)j(:)261 3466 y(1.)46 b(time-out)31 b(for)f(op)s(erations)261 3653 y(2.)46 b(guaran)m(teed)32 b(bandwidth)27 b(/)k (latency-for-zero-message)261 3841 y(3.)46 b(maxlength)30 b(for)g(message)i(/)f(guaran)m(teed)g(bu\013erspace)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150 4084 y Ff(8.12.4)97 b(Prio)m(rit)m(y-Based)33 b(Message)g(P)m(assing)150 4256 y Fp(In)f(the)h(priorit)m(y-based)e (real-time)h(programming)g(paradigm,)g(pro)s(cess)g(and)h(message)g (priorities)e(are)150 4369 y(used)f(to)h(meet)g(timing)e(sp)s (eci\014cations.)150 4612 y Ff(8.12.5)97 b(Pro)s(cess)34 b(Prio)m(rit)m(y)150 4784 y Fp(Because)i(pro)s(cess)f(priorities)d(can) j(b)s(e)g(handled)e(in)g(a)i(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)36 b(of)f(w)m(a)m(ys,)i (it)d(is)g(extremely)h(di\016cult)e(to)150 4897 y(pro)m(vide)f(p)s (ortable)g(mec)m(hanisms)g(to)i(sp)s(ecify)e(them,)i(and)e Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)33 b(do)s(es)g(not)g(directly)f(address)g(this) 150 5010 y(issue.)38 b(The)24 b(one)i(circumstance)f(in)f(whic)m(h)g (pro)s(cess)h(priorit)m(y)e(is)h(undoubtedly)f(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)26 b(to)f Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)26 b(is)150 5123 y(in)f(the)i(transmission)c(of)k(priorit)m(y)e(information)f(to)j (the)g(run)m(time)e(system)h(in)f Fl(MPI-2)i Fp(dynamic)e(pro)s(cess) 150 5236 y(creation)c(calls.)37 b(W)-8 b(e)21 b(recommend)g(that)g(suc) m(h)f(information)f(b)s(e)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)g(a)i(system-sp)s (eci\014c)f(manner)150 5349 y(via)30 b(the)h Fl(info)f Fp(argumen)m(t.)3934 92 y Fg(1)3934 205 y(2)3934 318 y(3)3934 431 y(4)3934 544 y(5)3934 657 y(6)3934 770 y(7)3934 882 y(8)3934 995 y(9)3919 1108 y(10)3919 1221 y(11)3919 1334 y(12)3919 1447 y(13)3919 1560 y(14)3919 1673 y(15)3919 1786 y(16)3919 1899 y(17)3919 2012 y(18)3919 2124 y(19)3919 2237 y(20)3919 2350 y(21)3919 2463 y(22)3919 2576 y(23)3919 2689 y(24)3919 2802 y(25)3919 2915 y(26)3919 3028 y(27)3919 3141 y(28)3919 3254 y(29)3919 3366 y(30)3919 3479 y(31)3919 3592 y(32)3919 3705 y(33)3919 3818 y(34)3919 3931 y(35)3919 4044 y(36)3919 4157 y(37)3919 4270 y(38)3919 4383 y(39)3919 4496 y(40)3919 4609 y(41)3919 4721 y(42)3919 4834 y(43)3919 4947 y(44)3919 5060 y(45)3919 5173 y(46)3919 5286 y(47)3919 5399 y(48)p eop 17 18 bop 150 -200 a Fh(8.12.)73 b(PRIORITY-BASED)29 b Fl(MPI)p Fh(/R)-8 b(T)2078 b Fp(17)332 99 y(Arguably)-8 b(,)25 b Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)26 b(should)d(also)i(address)f(the)h (issue)f(of)h(priorit)m(y)e(in)m(v)m(ersion)h(\(a)h(phenomenon)f(in)150 211 y(whic)m(h)30 b(a)h(lo)m(w-priorit)m(y)e(pro)s(cess)i(susp)s(ends)d (a)k(high-priorit)m(y)c(pro)s(cess)i(b)m(y)h(preempting)f(lo)m(w)m (er-priorit)m(y)150 324 y(pro)s(cesses)38 b(whic)m(h)e(w)m(ould)h(send) g(messages)i(to)f(the)g(high-priorit)m(y)d(pro)s(cess\).)63 b(W)-8 b(e)39 b(put)e(forw)m(ard)h(t)m(w)m(o)150 437 y(prop)s(osals)29 b(on)h(that)h(fron)m(t.)332 702 y Fa(Discussion:)332 815 y Fc(Programmers)c(m)n(ust)j(a)n(v)n(oid)e(priorit)n(y)h(in)n(v)n (ersion)g(b)n(y)h(assigning)e(priorities)h(in)i(suc)n(h)e(a)h(w)n(a)n (y)f(that)h(priorit)n(y)150 928 y(in)n(v)n(ersion)22 b(do)r(es)h(not)g(happ)r(en.)36 b(In)23 b(short,)g(an)n(y)g(program)e (whic)n(h)i(has)g(a)g(lo)n(w-priorit)n(y)e(pro)r(cess)h(sending)h (messages)150 1041 y(to)33 b(a)g(high-priorit)n(y)e(pro)r(cess)h(is)h (asking)f(for)g(trouble.)53 b(Note,)35 b(to)r(o,)f(that)g(priorit)n(y)d (in)n(v)n(ersion)h(can)h(result)f(from)150 1154 y(a)j(n)n(um)n(b)r(er)g (of)g(resource)e(con)n(ten)n(tion)i(situations,)h(so)f(eliminating)g (it)h(in)f(message-passing)d(do)r(es)j(not)g(\014x)h(the)150 1267 y(problem.)f(Also,)24 b(the)g(priorit)n(y)e(inheritance)h(mec)n (hanisms)g(necessary)e(to)j(alleviate)e(priorit)n(y)h(in)n(v)n(ersion)e (ma)n(y)i(not)150 1380 y(b)r(e)28 b(univ)n(ersally)e(implemen)n(table.) 332 1810 y Fa(Discussion:)332 1923 y Fc(The)h Fb(MPI)p Fc(/R)-7 b(T)27 b(implemen)n(tation)g(m)n(ust)g(ensure)g(that)g(a)g (pro)r(cess)f(inherits)h(a)g(priorit)n(y)e(at)i(least)g(as)g(high)g(as) 150 2036 y(an)n(y)33 b(pro)r(cess)h(whic)n(h)g(is)g(blo)r(c)n(k)n(ed)f (receiving)g(a)h(message)f(from)h(it.)57 b(This)34 b(ma)n(y)g(mean)g (that)h(in)f(circumstances)150 2149 y(where)j(a)g(pro)r(cess)f(is)h (receiving)f(from)h Fb(MPI)p 1589 2149 25 4 v 29 w(ANY)p 1787 2149 V 31 w(SOURCE)f Fc(in)i(a)f(comm)n(unicator,)h(that)g(pro)r (cess's)d(priorit)n(y)150 2262 y(information)27 b(m)n(ust)h(b)r(e)g (broadcasted)e(to)h(all)g(of)h(the)g(p)r(oten)n(tial)f(senders.)150 2670 y Ff(8.12.6)97 b(Message)33 b(Prio)m(rities)150 2842 y Fp(With)25 b(regard)g(to)h(message)h(priorities,)d(ho)m(w)m(ev)m (er,)k Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)26 b(certainly)e(m)m(ust)h(pro)m(vide)g (explicit)f(mec)m(ha-)150 2955 y(nisms)c(for)i(their)e(sp)s (eci\014cation)h(and)g(main)m(tenance.)38 b(Message)24 b(priorit)m(y)c(w)m(orks)i(basically)e(as)i(one)g(w)m(ould)150 3068 y(exp)s(ect:)39 b(Giv)m(en)25 b(the)h(c)m(hoice)g(b)s(et)m(w)m (een)g(p)s(erforming)d(t)m(w)m(o)k(di\013eren)m(t)e(comm)m(unication)g (op)s(erations)g(\(suc)m(h)150 3181 y(as)k(receiving)f(one)h(message)g (or)g(another\),)h(the)e(higher)g(priorit)m(y)f(comm)m(unication)h(is)f (p)s(erformed)g(\014rst.)150 3294 y(If)34 b(the)h(high)e(priorit)m(y)g (comm)m(unication)h(blo)s(c)m(ks)g(or)h(stalls,)g(lo)m(w)m(er)f (priorit)m(y)f(comm)m(unication)h(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)150 3407 y(initiated.)j(Notice)31 b(that)f(in)f(the)h(general)g(case,)i (this)c(implies)g(that)i(comm)m(unication)g(ma)m(y)g(need)g(to)h(b)s(e) 150 3520 y(preempted.)56 b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(example,)h(if)d(the)i(user)f (initiates)f(a)i(lo)m(w-priorit)m(y)e(non)m(blo)s(c)m(king)g(send,)j (the)e(b)s(egins)150 3632 y(a)41 b(high-priorit)m(y)d(send,)k(the)e(lo) m(w-priorit)m(y)f(send)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)h(stalled)f(in)g(fa)m(v)m(or) i(of)g(the)f(high-priorit)m(y)150 3745 y(send.)70 b(Also,)43 b(as)e(with)e(priorities)f(in)h(other)i(situations,)h(it)e(is)g(p)s (ossible)e(that)j(deadlo)s(c)m(k)f(situations)150 3858 y(could)28 b(result.)39 b(Whether)29 b(or)g(not)g Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)29 b(systems)g(should)e(attempt)j(to)g(address)e(this)g (is)g(sub)5 b(ject)28 b(to)150 3971 y(debate.)41 b(Certainly)29 b(man)m(y)h(systems)g(pro)m(vide)f(no)h(supp)s(ort)f(for)h(deadlo)s(c)m (k)g(detection)h(and)e(resolution.)150 4084 y(In)c(some)g (circumstances)h(timeouts)f(pro)m(vide)f(a)i(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)f(break)f (out)h(of)f(deadlo)s(c)m(k)h(\(although)f(a)h(liv)m(elo)s(c)m(k)150 4197 y(situation)e(ma)m(y)i(just)f(as)g(easily)g(result,)g(unless)f (the)h(programmer)g(uses)g(the)h(opp)s(ortunit)m(y)d(to)j(explicitly) 150 4310 y(a)m(v)m(oid)36 b(the)g(recurrence)f(of)g(deadlo)s(c)m(k\).) 57 b(Finally)-8 b(,)35 b(message)i(priorit)m(y)c(ma)m(y)j(result)f(in)f (\\unfair")g(situa-)150 4423 y(tions.)49 b(Suc)m(h)32 b(circumstances)h(are)h(fully)d(the)j(programmer's)f(resp)s(onsibilit)m (y)c(to)34 b(a)m(v)m(oid,)h(if)d(necessary)-8 b(.)150 4536 y(W)g(e)32 b(put)d(forw)m(ard)h(t)m(w)m(o)i(prop)s(osals)d(for)h (sp)s(ecifying)e(message)j(priorit)m(y)-8 b(.)150 4776 y Fl(Message)30 b(Prio)m(rities)h(using)f(T)-8 b(ags)150 4947 y(MPI)21 b Fp(already)f(pro)m(vides)g(a)i(mec)m(hanism)e(to)h (allo)m(w)g(the)g(programmer)g(to)g(distinguish)c(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)22 b(messages)150 5060 y(sen)m(t)30 b(under)e(a)i(comm)m(unicator,)g (namely)e(message)j(tags.)41 b(T)-8 b(o)30 b(receiv)m(e)g(the)g (highest)f(priorit)m(y)f(message,)150 5173 y(a)38 b(pro)s(cess)g(w)m (ould)f(simply)e(receiv)m(e)k(using)d(a)j(new)e(prede\014ned)g(v)-5 b(alue,)39 b Fl(MPI)p 2843 5173 28 4 v 33 w(MAX)p 3078 5173 V 31 w(T)-8 b(A)m(G)p Fp(,)38 b(as)h(the)f(tag)150 5286 y(parameter.)47 b(\()p Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)34 b(w)m(ould)d(also)h(pro)m(vide)g(an)g(analogous)h(v)-5 b(alue,)33 b Fl(MPI)p 2786 5286 V 32 w(MIN)p 2987 5286 V 33 w(T)-8 b(A)m(G)p Fp(,)33 b(for)f(pro)s(cesses)-64 92 y Fg(1)-64 205 y(2)-64 318 y(3)-64 431 y(4)-64 544 y(5)-64 657 y(6)-64 770 y(7)-64 882 y(8)-64 995 y(9)-80 1108 y(10)-80 1221 y(11)-80 1334 y(12)-80 1447 y(13)-80 1560 y(14)-80 1673 y(15)-80 1786 y(16)-80 1899 y(17)-80 2012 y(18)-80 2124 y(19)-80 2237 y(20)-80 2350 y(21)-80 2463 y(22)-80 2576 y(23)-80 2689 y(24)-80 2802 y(25)-80 2915 y(26)-80 3028 y(27)-80 3141 y(28)-80 3254 y(29)-80 3366 y(30)-80 3479 y(31)-80 3592 y(32)-80 3705 y(33)-80 3818 y(34)-80 3931 y(35)-80 4044 y(36)-80 4157 y(37)-80 4270 y(38)-80 4383 y(39)-80 4496 y(40)-80 4609 y(41)-80 4721 y(42)-80 4834 y(43)-80 4947 y(44)-80 5060 y(45)-80 5173 y(46)-80 5286 y(47)-80 5399 y(48)p eop 18 19 bop 150 -200 a Fp(18)915 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(REAL-TIME)30 b(AND)i(EMBEDDED)g(EXTENSIONS)150 99 y Fp(that)38 b(use)g(lo)m(w)m(er)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)f(for)g(higher)g (logical)g(priorities.\))61 b(This)36 b(allo)m(ws)i(priorit)m(y)e (information)g(to)150 211 y(easily)30 b(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(on)h (a)h(message-b)m(y-message)i(basis,)d(unlik)m(e)e(the)j(next)f(prop)s (osal.)150 513 y Fl(MPI)p 318 513 28 4 v 33 w(COMM)p 636 513 V 31 w(GET)p 844 513 V 33 w(PRIORITY\(comm,)i(p)m(rio)m(rit)m (y\))233 668 y Fc(IN)312 b Fl(comm)944 b Fc(comm)n(unicator)27 b(for)g(whic)n(h)g(priorit)n(y)f(is)i(to)f(b)r(e)h(returned)233 818 y(OUT)217 b Fl(p)m(rio)m(rit)m(y)909 b Fc(priorit)n(y)27 b(of)g(the)h(comm)n(unicator)332 1067 y Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)26 b(priorit)m(y-based)d(message)k(passing)d(w)m(ould)g(op)s(erate) i(on)g(the)f(same)h(p)s(ersisten)m(t)f(c)m(hannels)150 1180 y(from)30 b(section)g(8.8:)150 1482 y Fl(MPI)p 318 1482 V 33 w(ST)-8 b(ART)p 638 1482 V 31 w(PRIORITY\(request,)31 b(p)m(rio)m(rit)m(y)-8 b(,)32 b(requestout\))233 1636 y Fc(IN)312 b Fl(request)900 b Fc(primitiv)n(e)28 b(request)f(ob)5 b(ject)27 b(\(p)r(ersisten)n(t)h(request\))233 1786 y(IN)312 b Fl(p)m(rio)m(rit)m(y)909 b Fc(in)n(teger)31 b(quan)n(tit)n(y)f(sp)r (ecifying)i(priorit)n(y)e(of)h(c)n(hannel)f(op)r(era-)1810 1899 y(tion)e(\(in)n(t\))233 2050 y(OUT)217 b Fl(requestout)775 b Fc(revised)27 b(request)g(ob)5 b(ject)28 b(\(non-p)r(ersisten)n(t)f (request\))332 2298 y Fp(The)j(in)m(ten)m(tion)g(of)g(this)f(formalism) g(is)g(as)i(follo)m(ws:)286 2511 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(T)-8 b(o)36 b(p)s(ermit)d(sp)s(ecialized)h(requests)h(to)h(b)s(e)e(formed,)i (so)g(c)m(hannels)e(can)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(with)g(m)m(ultiple)377 2624 y(op)s(erations)22 b(sim)m(ultaneously)-8 b(.)37 b(The)22 b(priorities)e(therefore)j(\014gure)f(in)g(the)h(same)g(role)f (as)h(tags)h(in)d(an)377 2737 y(implemen)m(tation,)j(and)f(the)g(same)h (mec)m(hanism)e(migh)m(t)h(b)s(e)g(o)m(v)m(erloaded)h(to)g(pro)s(duce)e (this)g(feature)377 2850 y(for)42 b(c)m(hannels.)76 b(These)42 b(non-p)s(ersisten)m(t)f(requests)h(are)g(treated)h(in)e(the)i(same)f (w)m(a)m(y)h(as)g(other)377 2963 y(requests)29 b(in)f Fl(MPI)p Fp(.)h(If)g(a)g(mec)m(hanism)f(is)g(used)h(to)g(a)m(v)m(oid)h (con)m(v)m(erting)g(requests)f(in)m(to)g(statuses,)h(as)377 3076 y(for)g(timebased)g Fl(MPI)p Fp(,)h(it)f(ma)m(y)h(also)f(apply)f (here.)286 3263 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(No)29 b(sp)s(eci\014c)f(meaning)g(is) f(attac)m(hed)k(to)e(the)g(priorities)d(b)m(y)j Fl(MPI)p Fp(.)f(This)f(is)h(strictly)f(a)i(function)f(of)377 3376 y(the)j(underlying)c(implemen)m(tation.)286 3564 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(A)30 b(w)m(ait)g(op)s(eration)f(on)h(the)g(non-p)s(ersisten)m(t)f (request)g(of)h(the)g(call)f(is)g(supp)s(osed)f(for)i(completing)377 3677 y(the)36 b(call.)55 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)40 b(this)34 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(skipp)s(ed,)f(as)i(noted)g(for)f(timebased)g(op)s (erations,)i(using)d(a)377 3790 y(call)c(to)h(b)s(e)f(de\014ned)f(b)s (elo)m(w.)286 3977 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(The)40 b(primitiv)m(e)f(and)g (non-primitiv)m(e)g(forms)g(of)i(the)g(request)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)d(used) h(sim)m(ultaneously)377 4090 y(for)29 b(transmission,)e(with)h(a)h (default)g(priorit)m(y)e(setting)i(from)g(the)g(qualit)m(y)f(of)i (service)e(parameter)377 4203 y(used)i(in)f(the)h(primitiv)m(e)f(form.) 150 4489 y Fm(8.13)115 b(Ad)40 b(Ho)s(c)e(MPI/RT)150 4692 y Fp(F)-8 b(or)43 b(ad)e(ho)s(c)h(real-time)g(programming)f(the)h (user)f(desires)g(particularly)e(fast)j(implemen)m(tations)f(of)150 4805 y Fl(MPI)d Fp(routines)f(but)g(do)s(es)h(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(hard)e (deadlines.)62 b(\(This)37 b(migh)m(t)h(b)s(e)f(seen)i(as)f(a)h(soft)f (real-time)150 4918 y(system.\))77 b(Examples)41 b(of)h(suc)m(h)g (applications)f(include)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(parallel)d (visualization,)j(whic)m(h)150 5031 y(ma)m(y)i(mak)m(e)g(great)h (demands)d(on)i(a)g(system)f(but)g(is)f(toleran)m(t)j(to)f(o)s (ccasional)f(dela)m(ys)h(or)f(dropp)s(ed)150 5144 y(frames.)49 b(What)34 b(exactly)g Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)33 b(w)m(ould)f(include)f (or)j(mandate)f(for)g(implemen)m(tations)f(to)i(supp)s(ort)150 5257 y(suc)m(h)c(a)h(programming)e(mo)s(del)g(remains)g(to)i(b)s(e)f (discussed.)3934 92 y Fg(1)3934 205 y(2)3934 318 y(3)3934 431 y(4)3934 544 y(5)3934 657 y(6)3934 770 y(7)3934 882 y(8)3934 995 y(9)3919 1108 y(10)3919 1221 y(11)3919 1334 y(12)3919 1447 y(13)3919 1560 y(14)3919 1673 y(15)3919 1786 y(16)3919 1899 y(17)3919 2012 y(18)3919 2124 y(19)3919 2237 y(20)3919 2350 y(21)3919 2463 y(22)3919 2576 y(23)3919 2689 y(24)3919 2802 y(25)3919 2915 y(26)3919 3028 y(27)3919 3141 y(28)3919 3254 y(29)3919 3366 y(30)3919 3479 y(31)3919 3592 y(32)3919 3705 y(33)3919 3818 y(34)3919 3931 y(35)3919 4044 y(36)3919 4157 y(37)3919 4270 y(38)3919 4383 y(39)3919 4496 y(40)3919 4609 y(41)3919 4721 y(42)3919 4834 y(43)3919 4947 y(44)3919 5060 y(45)3919 5173 y(46)3919 5286 y(47)3919 5399 y(48)p eop 19 20 bop 150 -200 a Fh(8.14.)73 b(ISSUES)28 b(ON)i(EMBEDDED)i(SYSTEMS) 1734 b Fp(19)150 99 y Fm(8.14)115 b(Issues)39 b(on)f(Emb)s(edded)g (Systems)150 301 y Fp(F)-8 b(or)35 b(em)m(b)s(edded)d(systems,)j(the)f (follo)m(wing)f(issues)f(b)s(ecome)i(more)g(imp)s(ortan)m(t)f(than)h (in)e(other)i(uses)g(of)150 414 y Fl(MPI)p Fp(:)286 602 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Small)29 b(amoun)m(ts)h(of)h(program)f(space)h(\(co)s (de)g(bloat)f(unacceptable\),)286 790 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Small)31 b(amoun)m(t)i(of)g(data)g(space)g(\(bu\013ering)e(limited,) g(maxim)m(um)g(message)j(sizes)e(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)d(lim-)377 903 y(ited\),)286 1090 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Simpli\014ed)27 b(programming)i(en)m(vironmen)m(ts)g(as)i(compared)f(to)i(full-blo)m (wn)27 b(OS's,)286 1278 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Static)31 b(loading)e(en)m (vironmen)m(ts)h(more)g(nearly)g(compatible)g(with)f Fl(MPI-2)p Fp('s)i(view)e(of)i(the)f(w)m(orld.)150 1465 y(Suc)m(h)g(systems)g(ma)m(y)h(also)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(real-time)e (requiremen)m(ts.)332 1578 y Fl(MPI)43 b Fp(is)g(already)g(migrating)g (in)m(to)h(em)m(b)s(edded)e(protot)m(yp)s(e)i(systems;)51 b(hence)44 b(it)f(is)g(in)m(teresting)150 1691 y(to)h(o\013er)f (suggestions,)j(and)c(p)s(ossibly)e(additional)h(pro\014le)g(language,) 47 b(to)c(address)f(this)g(particular)150 1804 y(space)32 b(of)f(applications)f(and)g(systems.)43 b(One)31 b(particular)f (approac)m(h)h(will)e(b)s(e)h(to)i(o\013er)g(a)f(set)h(of)g(subset)150 1917 y(implemen)m(tation)27 b(pro\014les)f(for)i(em)m(b)s(edded)e (systems,)j(so)f(that)h(if)e(subsetting)g(should)e(o)s(ccur,)k(it)e (can)i(b)s(e)150 2030 y(done)h(according)h(to)g(a)f(systematic)h(con)m (v)m(en)m(tion)h(do)s(cumen)m(ted)e(in)f(the)i Fl(MPI-2)g Fp(standard.)150 2273 y Ff(8.14.1)97 b(Emb)s(edded)33 b(MPI)150 2445 y Fp(There)28 b(are)h(users)f(within)e(the)i(em)m(b)s (edded)g(computing)f(arena)i(that)g(w)m(ould)f(lik)m(e)g(to)h(use)f (MPI,)h(but)f(are)150 2558 y(constrained)k(b)m(y)h(extreme)g (limitations)e(on)i(lo)s(cal)f(memory)h(and)f(storage)i(space.)49 b(These)32 b(users)h(often)150 2671 y(run)k(co)s(des)h(stored)g(in)f (non-v)m(olatile)h(memory)-8 b(,)41 b(suc)m(h)d(as)g(as)h(FLASH,)f(or)h (R)m(OM.)f(While)f(the)i(use)f(of)150 2784 y(an)c(e\016cien)m(t)g(link) m(er)f(can)h(dramatically)e(reduce)i(the)g(size)g(of)g(MPI)g (libraries,)e(the)i(resulting)e(binaries)150 2897 y(are)g(still)d(far)i (to)s(o)h(large)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(incorp)s(orated)f(in)m(to)h(\014rm)m(w)m (are.)43 b(There)31 b(are)h(three)f(particular)f(areas)i(of)150 3010 y(concern.)286 3222 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(Large)38 b(executable)h (size)e(due)g(to)h(the)g(man)m(y)f(functions)f(in)h Fl(MPI)g Fp(and)g(their)f(in)m(terdep)s(endence)377 3335 y(in)j(man)m(y)i (cases.)71 b(\(I.e.,)44 b(em)m(b)s(edded)39 b Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)40 b(ma)m(y)h(only)f(b)s(e)f(able)h(to)h(supp)s(ort)d(a)j (subset)f(of)377 3448 y Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)31 b(functionalit)m(y)-8 b(.\))286 3636 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(The)25 b(amoun)m(t)h(of)f(bu\013er)f (space)i(on)f(the)h(receiv)m(er)g(side.)38 b(\(I.e.,)27 b(the)f(illusion)21 b(of)26 b(in\014nite)d(slac)m(k)i(ma)m(y)377 3748 y(b)s(e)30 b(particularly)e(un)m(tenable.\))286 3936 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(The)c(amoun)m(t)h(of)g(bu\013er)f(space)h(on)f (the)h(sender)f(side.)76 b(\(I.e.,)47 b(the)c(abilit)m(y)e(to)j(pac)m (k)f(deriv)m(ed)377 4049 y(datat)m(yp)s(es)31 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f (restricted.\))332 4262 y(As)24 b(a)h(result,)g(w)m(e)h(recommend)e (that)h(only)f(a)h(core)g(set)h(of)e Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T)25 b(functionalit)m(y)e(b)s(e)h(required)f(for)150 4374 y(em)m(b)s(edded)28 b Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T.)30 b(\(Exactly)f(whic)m(h)f(routines)g(should)f(b)s(e)h(preserv)m(ed)h (remains)f(to)i(b)s(e)e(discussed.\))150 4487 y(In)23 b(fact,)j(b)s(ecause)d(bu\013er)g(space)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(limited)e (or)j(nonexisten)m(t,)h(the)e(user)g(should)f(only)g(exp)s(ect)i(that) 150 4600 y(the)29 b(sync)m(hronous)f(and)h(ready)g(send)f(op)s (erations)g(are)i(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)28 b(\(these)i(routines)e(require) g(no)h(explicit)150 4713 y(bu\013er)e(space)j(at)f(the)f(receiv)m(er\)) i(and)e(that)h(only)e(the)i Fl(MPI)p 2171 4713 28 4 v 33 w(BYTE)f Fp(and)f Fl(MPI)p 2807 4713 V 33 w(P)-8 b(A)m(CKED)29 b Fp(datat)m(yp)s(es)h(are)150 4826 y(pro)m(vided)h(\(neither)h (requires)g(bu\013er)f(space)j(at)f(the)g(sender)f(or)h(the)g(receiv)m (er\).)48 b(The)33 b(com)m(bination)f(of)150 4939 y(these)27 b(t)m(w)m(o)g(restrictions)f(w)m(ould)f(seem)h(to)i(completely)e (eliminate)e(the)j(need)f(for)g(bu\013er)f(space)i(\(except,)150 5052 y(p)s(erhaps,)e(for)h(the)f(case)i(of)f(collectiv)m(e)g(comm)m (unication,)h(whic)m(h)d(ma)m(y)i(require)f(space)h(for)f(in)m (termediate)150 5165 y(v)-5 b(alues\).)71 b(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)43 b(the)e(user)f(could)g(b)s(e)f(exp)s(ected)i(to)h(pro)m(vide)d (bu\013er)h(space)h(explicitly)d(via)150 5278 y(routines)26 b(suc)m(h)g(as)h Fl(MPI)p 973 5278 V 33 w(BUFFER)p 1347 5278 V 31 w(A)-8 b(TT)g(A)m(CH)28 b Fp(and)e(b)s(e)g(restricted)g(to)i (using)d(bu\013ered)h(send)g(op)s(erations)150 5391 y(\(as)k(w)m(ell)e (as)i(sync)m(hronous)e(and)h(ready)g(ones\).)41 b(Also,)30 b(direct)f(memory)g(transfer)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(source)g(and)-64 92 y Fg(1)-64 205 y(2)-64 318 y(3)-64 431 y(4)-64 544 y(5)-64 657 y(6)-64 770 y(7)-64 882 y(8)-64 995 y(9)-80 1108 y(10)-80 1221 y(11)-80 1334 y(12)-80 1447 y(13)-80 1560 y(14)-80 1673 y(15)-80 1786 y(16)-80 1899 y(17)-80 2012 y(18)-80 2124 y(19)-80 2237 y(20)-80 2350 y(21)-80 2463 y(22)-80 2576 y(23)-80 2689 y(24)-80 2802 y(25)-80 2915 y(26)-80 3028 y(27)-80 3141 y(28)-80 3254 y(29)-80 3366 y(30)-80 3479 y(31)-80 3592 y(32)-80 3705 y(33)-80 3818 y(34)-80 3931 y(35)-80 4044 y(36)-80 4157 y(37)-80 4270 y(38)-80 4383 y(39)-80 4496 y(40)-80 4609 y(41)-80 4721 y(42)-80 4834 y(43)-80 4947 y(44)-80 5060 y(45)-80 5173 y(46)-80 5286 y(47)-80 5399 y(48)p eop 20 21 bop 150 -200 a Fp(20)915 b Fh(CHAPTER)30 b(8.)71 b(REAL-TIME)30 b(AND)i(EMBEDDED)g(EXTENSIONS)150 99 y Fp(destination)h(bu\013ers)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(implemen)m(table)f(only)i (when)f(the)h(source)g(of)h(a)f(message)h(is)e(explicitly)150 211 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)c(in)g(a)h(receiv)m(e)i(call,)e(so)g(the)h(use)f (of)g Fl(MPI)p 1885 211 28 4 v 33 w(ANY)p 2104 211 V 32 w(SOURCE)g Fp(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(precluded.)332 324 y(As)g(a)h(result,)e(w)m(e)i(recommend)f(the)g(follo)m(wing)f(subset)g (of)i(MPI-1)f(functionalit)m(y)f(b)s(e)h(retained)f(for)150 437 y(an)i(em)m(b)s(edded)g Fj(pr)-5 b(o\014le)32 b Fp(of)e Fl(MPI)p Fp(/R)-8 b(T:)286 650 y Fk(\017)46 b Fp(MPI)p 560 650 V 33 w(INIT\(\))286 837 y Fk(\017)g Fp(MPI)p 560 837 V 33 w(FINALIZE\(\))286 1025 y Fk(\017)g Fp(MPI)p 560 1025 V 33 w(COMM)p 896 1025 V 33 w(RANK\(\))286 1213 y Fk(\017)g Fp(MPI)p 560 1213 V 33 w(COMM)p 896 1213 V 33 w(SIZE\(\))286 1400 y Fk(\017)g Fp(MPI)p 560 1400 V 33 w(SEND\(\))286 1588 y Fk(\017)g Fp(MPI)p 560 1588 V 33 w(ISEND\(\))286 1776 y Fk(\017)g Fp(MPI)p 560 1776 V 33 w(RECV\(\))286 1963 y Fk(\017)g Fp(MPI)p 560 1963 V 33 w(IRECV\(\))286 2151 y Fk(\017)g Fp(MPI)p 560 2151 V 33 w(BCAST\(\))286 2338 y Fk(\017)g Fp(MPI)p 560 2338 V 33 w(GA)-8 b(THER\(\))332 2551 y(These)32 b(ten)h(function)f(calls,)g (supp)s(orting)f(only)h(elemen)m(tal)h(MPI)f(datat)m(yp)s(es,)j(pro)m (vide)c(su\016cien)m(t)150 2664 y(co)m(v)m(er)k(for)e(a)h(wide)e(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)34 b(of)f(parallel)f(programming)g(paradigms,)h(without)f (requiring)f(the)i(library)150 2777 y(o)m(v)m(erhead)f(of)e(deriv)m(ed) g(datat)m(yp)s(es)h(and)e(top)s(ologies.)332 2890 y(F)-8 b(rom)37 b(our)f(exp)s(erimen)m(ts)f(with)g(the)i(MSU)f(eMPI)h(pro)5 b(ject,)39 b(w)m(e)e(feel)f(that)h(w)m(e)g(can)f(incorp)s(orate)150 3003 y(all)28 b(of)i(this)e(functionalit)m(y)g(in)g(less)h(than)g(5K)g (b)m(ytes,)h(not)g(including)c(the)k(device)f(dep)s(enden)m(t)f(soft)m (w)m(are.)150 3116 y(Ev)m(en)40 b(with)e(a)i(lib)s(eral)c(allo)m(w)m (ance)41 b(of)e(co)s(de)h(for)f(device)h(driv)m(ers,)g(the)g(resulting) e(eMPI)h(library)f(will)150 3228 y(easily)30 b(\014t)g(within)d(a)k (standard)f(R)m(OM)h(or)f(FLASH)g(device.)3934 92 y Fg(1)3934 205 y(2)3934 318 y(3)3934 431 y(4)3934 544 y(5)3934 657 y(6)3934 770 y(7)3934 882 y(8)3934 995 y(9)3919 1108 y(10)3919 1221 y(11)3919 1334 y(12)3919 1447 y(13)3919 1560 y(14)3919 1673 y(15)3919 1786 y(16)3919 1899 y(17)3919 2012 y(18)3919 2124 y(19)3919 2237 y(20)3919 2350 y(21)3919 2463 y(22)3919 2576 y(23)3919 2689 y(24)3919 2802 y(25)3919 2915 y(26)3919 3028 y(27)3919 3141 y(28)3919 3254 y(29)3919 3366 y(30)3919 3479 y(31)3919 3592 y(32)3919 3705 y(33)3919 3818 y(34)3919 3931 y(35)3919 4044 y(36)3919 4157 y(37)3919 4270 y(38)3919 4383 y(39)3919 4496 y(40)3919 4609 y(41)3919 4721 y(42)3919 4834 y(43)3919 4947 y(44)3919 5060 y(45)3919 5173 y(46)3919 5286 y(47)3919 5399 y(48)p eop end userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if --2941_daa-7811_433-74dd_2cb6--